langref.org - groovy, erlang, and clojure

All Problems

Strings

Printing

Output a string to the console

Write the string "Hello World!" to STDOUT

groovy

println "Hello World!"

erlang

io:format("Hello, World!~n").

clojure

(println "Hello World!")

Retrieve a string containing ampersands from the variables in a url

My PHP script first does a query to obtain customer info for a form. The form has first name and last name fields among others. The customer has put entries such as "Ron & Jean" in the first name field in the database. Then the edit form script is called with variables such as

"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron & Jean&lname=Smith".

The script variable for first name $_REQUEST['firstname'] never gets beyond the "Ron" value because of the ampersand in the data.

I have tried various functions like urldecode but all to no avail. I even tried encoding the url before the view screen is painted so that the url looks like "http://myserver/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname="Ronxxnbsp;xxamp;xxnbsp;Jean"&lname=SMITH". (sorry I had to add the xx to replace the ampersand or it didn't display meaningful url contents the browser sees.)

Of course this fails for the same reasons. What is a better approach?

groovy

// Given the nature of the question text, I am assuming the question
// is how to produce a application/x-www-form-urlencoded compliant string

def basename = 'http://somedomain.com/somebase/'
def parameter = 'Bart & Lisa'
// equivalent to php
println basename + URLEncoder.encode(parameter)
// recommended approach is to specify encoding
println basename + URLEncoder.encode(parameter, "UTF-8")

erlang

% encode ampersand in your string using %XX where XX is hex code for ampersand
% optionally encode spaces for completeness sake to keep URL solid
URL = "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron%20%26%20Jean&lname=Smith",
{_, Query} = string:tokens(URL, "?"),
KeyValuePairs = string:tokens(Query, "&"),...

clojure

(->> {"mode" "view"
"fname" "Ron & Jean"
"lname" "Smith"}
(map #(str (URLEncoder/encode (first %) "UTF-8")
"="
(URLEncoder/encode (second %) "UTF-8")))
(reduce (fn [url e] (str url "&" e))
"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php"))

string-wrap

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> "

Expected output:
> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over t
> he lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox
> jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The qui
> ck brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
> dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps o
> ver the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

groovy

'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. '.multiply(10).split('(?<=\\G.{76})').each{println '> ' + it}

st = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10
width = 76
while(st){
(first, st) = st.length() > width? [st[0..width], st[(width+1)..-1].trim()] : [st, null]
println "> $first"
}

erlang

wrapper(String, Times, Length) ->
StrList = lists:reverse(formatter(string:copies(String, Times), Length, [])),
lists:foreach(fun(Str) -> io:format("~p~n", [Str]) end, StrList).

formatter([], _Length, Acc) -> Acc;
formatter(String, Length, Acc) when length(String) > Length - 1->
{Head, Tail} = lists:split(Length - 1, String),
formatter(string:strip(Tail), Length, [[$>, $ | Head] | Acc]);
formatter(String, Length, Acc) ->
formatter([], Length, [[$>, $ | String] | Acc]).

clojure

(defn string-wrap [s]
(if (= 0 (count s))
nil
(lazy-seq (cons (apply str (take 78 s))
(string-wrap (drop 78 s))))))

(let [s (apply str (repeat 10 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "))]
(doseq [line (string-wrap s)]
(println "> " line)))

Declaration

Define a string containing special characters

Define the literal string "\#{'}${"}/"

groovy

special = "\\#{'}\${\"}/"

special = '\\#{\'}${"}/'

special = /\#{'}${'$'}{"}\//

erlang

Special = "\\#{'}\${\"}/",

clojure

(def special "\\#{'}${\"}/")

Define a multiline string

Define the string:

"This

Is

A

Multiline

String"

groovy

def text =
"""This
Is
A
Multiline
String"""

def text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString"

erlang

Text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString",

clojure

(def multiline "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString")

Define a string containing variables and expressions

Given variables a=3 and b=4 output "3+4=7"

groovy

println "$a+$b=${a+b}"

printf "%d+%d=%d\n", a, b, a + b

erlang

A = 3, B = 4,
io:format("~B+~B=~B~n", [A, B, (A+B)]).

clojure

(format "%d + %d = %d" a b (+ a b))

Manipulation

Reverse the characters in a string

Given the string "reverse me", produce the string "em esrever"

groovy

reversed = "reverse me".reverse()

erlang

Reversed = lists:reverse("reverse me"),

Reversed = revchars("reverse me"),

clojure

(require '[clojure.contrib.str-utils2 :as str])
(str/reverse "reverse me")

(apply str (reverse "reverse me"))

Reverse the words in a string

Given the string "This is a end, my only friend!", produce the string "friend! only my end, the is This"

groovy

reversed = "This is the end, my only friend!".split().reverse().join(' ')

reversed = "This is the end, my only friend!".tokenize(' ').reverse().join(' ')

def revdelim(c, s) { StringUtils.reverseDelimited(s, c) }
revwords = this.&revdelim.curry(" " as char)
reversed = revwords("This is the end, my only friend!")

reversed = StringUtils.reverseDelimited("This is the end, my only friend!", " " as char)

erlang

Reversed = string:join(lists:reverse(string:tokens("This is the end, my only friend!", " ")), " "),

clojure

(require '[clojure.contrib.str-utils2 :as str])
(str/join " " (reverse (str/split "this is the end, my only friend!" #" ")))

(apply str (interpose " " (reverse (re-seq #"[^\s]+" "This is the end, my only friend!"))))

Text wrapping

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> ", yielding this result:

> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

groovy

// no built-in fill, define one using brute force approach
def fill(text, width=80, prefix='') {
width = width - prefix.size()
def out = []
List words = text.replaceAll("\n", " ").split(" ")
while (words) {
def line = ''
while (words) {
if (line.size() + words[0].size() + 1 > width) break
if (line) line += ' '
line += words[0]
words = words.tail()
}
out += prefix + line
}
out.join("\n")
}
println fill('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' * 10, 72, '> ')

// no built-in fill, define one using lastIndexOf
def fill(text, width=80, prefix='') {
def out = ''
def remaining = text.replaceAll("\n", " ")
while (remaining) {
def next = prefix + remaining
def found = next.lastIndexOf(' ', width)
if (found == -1) remaining = ''
else {
remaining = next.substring(found + 1)
next = next[0..found]
}
out += next + '\n'
}
out
}
println fill('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' * 10, 72, '> ')

prefix = '> '
input = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. '
wrap(input * 10, 72 - prefix.size()).eachLine{ println prefix + it }

erlang

TextWrap = textwrap(string:copies(Input, 10), 73 - length(Prefix)),
lists:foreach(fun (Line) -> io:format("~s~n", [string:concat(Prefix, Line)]) end, string:tokens(TextWrap, "\n")).

clojure

(doseq [line (re-seq #".{0,70} "
(apply str
(repeat 10 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ")))]
(println ">" line))

Remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string

Given the string " hello " return the string "hello".

groovy

assert "hello" == " hello ".trim()

erlang

Trimmed = string:strip(S),

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.str-utils2)
(trim " hello ")

(clojure.string/trim " hello ")

(.trim " hello ")

Simple substitution cipher

Take a string and return the ROT13 and ROT47 (Check Wikipedia) version of the string.
For example:
String is: Hello World #123
ROT13 returns: Uryyb Jbeyq #123
ROT47 returns: w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab

groovy

char rot13(s) {
char c = s
switch(c) {
case 'A'..'M': case 'a'..'m': return c+13
case 'N'..'Z': case 'n'..'z': return c-13
default : return c
}
}
String.metaClass.rot13 = {
delegate.collect(this.&rot13).join()
}

from = '!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~'
to = 'PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO'
String.metaClass.rot47 = {
delegate.collect{ int found = from.indexOf(it); found < 0 ? it : to[found] }.join()
}

assert 'Hello World #123'.rot13() == 'Uryyb Jbeyq #123'
assert 'Hello World #123'.rot47() == 'w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab'

erlang

rot13(Str) ->
lists:map(fun(A) ->
if
A >= $A, A =< $Z -> ((A - $A + 13) rem 26) + $A;
A >= $a, A =< $z -> ((A - $a + 13) rem 26) + $a;
true -> A
end
end, Str).

rot47(Str) ->
lists:map(fun(A) ->
if
A >= $!, A =< $~ ->
((A - $! + 47) rem 94) + $!;
true -> A
end
end, Str).

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.cond)

(defn rot13 [s]
(reduce str
(map #(char (let [c (bit-and (int (char %)) 0xDF)]
(+ % (cond-let [i]
(and (>= c (int \A)) (<= c (int \M))) 13
(and (>= c (int \N)) (<= c (int \Z))) -13
true 0))))
(map #(int (char %)) s))))

(defn rot47 [s]
(reduce str
(map #(char (+ % (cond-let [i]
(and (>= % (int \!)) (<= % (int \O))) 47
(and (>= % (int \P)) (<= % (int \~))) -47
true 0)))
(map #(int (char %)) s))))

Case

Make a string uppercase

Transform "Space Monkey" into "SPACE MONKEY"

groovy

println "Space Monkey".toUpperCase()

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [string:to_upper("Space Monkey")]).

clojure

(.toUpperCase "Space Monkey")

Make a string lowercase

Transform "Caps ARE overRated" into "caps are overrated"

groovy

println "Caps ARE overRated".toLowerCase()

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [string:to_lower("Caps ARE overRated")]).

clojure

(.toLowerCase "Caps ARE overRated")

Capitalise the first letter of each word

Transform "man OF stEEL" into "Man Of Steel"

groovy

def capitalize(s) { s[0].toUpperCase() + s[1..-1].toLowerCase() }
caps = "man OF stEEL".replaceAll(/\w+/) { w -> capitalize(w) }

caps = "man OF stEEL".replaceAll(/\w+/) { w -> StringUtils.capitalize(w.toLowerCase()) }

caps = WordUtils.capitalizeFully("man OF stEEL")

erlang

Caps = string:join(lists:map(fun(S) -> to_caps(S) end, string:tokens("man OF stEEL", " ")), " "),

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.str-utils2)
(join " " (map capitalize (split "man OF stEEL" #" ")))

Numbers

Mathematical

Find the distance between two points

groovy

distance = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)

distance = sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1)+(y2-y1)*(y2-y1))

erlang

Distance = distance({point, 34, 78}, {point, 67, -45}),
io:format("~.2f~n", [Distance]).

Distance = distance(point:new(34, 78), point:new(67, -45)),
io:format("~.2f~n", [Distance]).

clojure

(defstruct point :x :y)

(defn distance
"Euclidean distance between 2 points"
[p1 p2]
(Math/pow (+ (Math/pow (- (:x p1) (:x p2)) 2)
(Math/pow (- (:y p1) (:y p2)) 2))
0.5))

(distance (struct point 0 0) (struct point 1 1)) ; => 1.4142135623730951

(defn distance
"Euclidean distance between 2 points"
[[x1 y1] [x2 y2]]
(Math/sqrt
(+ (Math/pow (- x1 x2) 2)
(Math/pow (- y1 y2) 2))))

(distance [2 2] [3 3])

Output

Zero pad a number

Given the number 42, pad it to 8 characters like 00000042

groovy

formatted = new DecimalFormat('00000000').format(42)

formatted = 42.toString().padLeft(8, '0')

// to stdout
printf "%08d\n", 42
// to a string
formatted = sprintf("%08d", 42)

formatted = String.format("%08d", 42)

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~8..0B", [42]),

io:format("~8..0B~n", [42]).

clojure

(defn pad
([x] (if (> 8 (.length (str x))) (pad (str 0 x)) (str x)))
)

(defn pad [x]
(format "%08d" x))

(format "%08d" 42)

Right Space pad a number

Given the number 1024 right pad it to 6 characters "1024 "

groovy

println 1024.toString().padRight(6)

formatted = sprintf("%-6d", 1024)

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~-6B", [1024]),

io:format("~-6B~n", [1024]).

clojure

(let [s (str 1024)
l (count s)]
(str s (reduce str (repeat (- 6 l) " "))))

Format a decimal number

Format the number 7/8 as a decimal with 2 places: 0.88

groovy

def result = 7/8
println result.round(new MathContext(2))

def result = 7/8
printf "%.2g", result

new Double(7/8).round(2)

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~.2f", [7/8]),

io:format("~.2f~n", [7/8]).

clojure

(format "%3.2f" (/ 7.0 8))

(* 0.01 (Math/round (* 100 (float (/ 7 8)))))

Left Space pad a number

Given the number 73 left pad it to 10 characters " 73"

groovy

println 73.toString().padLeft(10)

printf "%10d\n", 73

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~10B", [73]),

io:format("~10B~n", [73]).

clojure

(let [s (str 73)
l (count s)]
(str (reduce str (repeat (- 10 l) " ")) s ))

Random

Generate a random integer in a given range

Produce a random integer between 100 and 200 inclusive

groovy

random = new Random()
randomInt = random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100

erlang

RandomInt = gen_rand_integer(100, 200),

clojure

(+ (rand-int (- 201 100)) 100)

Generate a repeatable random number sequence

Initialise a random number generator with a seed and generate five decimal values. Reset the seed and produce the same values.

groovy

random = new Random(12345)
orig = (1..5).collect { random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100 }
random = new Random(12345)
repeat = (1..5).collect { random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100 }
assert orig == repeat

erlang

setRNG(RNGState),
io:format("~w~n", [lists:map(fun (_) -> gen_rand_integer(100, 200) end, lists:seq(1, 5))]),

setRNG(RNGState),
io:format("~w~n", [lists:map(fun (_) -> gen_rand_integer(100, 200) end, lists:seq(1, 5))]).

clojure

(dotimes [_ 2]
(let [r (java.util.Random. 12345)]
(dotimes [_ 5]
(println (.nextInt r 100))))
(println))

Regex

Matching

Check if a string matches a regular expression

Display "ok" if "Hello" matches /[A-Z][a-z]+/

groovy

if ("Hello" =~ /[A-Z][a-z]+/) println 'ok'

if ("Hello".find(/[A-Z][a-z]+/)) println 'ok'

// with precompiled regex
def regex = ~/[A-Z][a-z]+/
if ("Hello".find(regex)) println 'ok'

// with precompiled regex
def regex = ~/[A-Z][a-z]+/
if ("Hello".matches(regex)) println 'ok'

if ("Hello".matches("[A-Z][a-z]+")) println 'ok'

erlang

String = "Hello", Regexp = "[A-Z][a-z]+",
is_match(String, Regexp) andalso (begin io:format("ok~n"), true end).

case re:run("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+") of {match, _} -> ok end.

clojure

(if (re-matches #"[A-Z][a-z]+" "Hello")
(println "ok"))

Check if a string matches with groups

Display "two" if "one two three" matches /one (.*) three/

groovy

matcher = ("one two three" =~ /one (.*) three/)
if (matcher) println matcher[0][1]

match = "one two three".find("one (.*) three") { it[1] }
if (match) println match

erlang

case re:run("one two three", "one (.*) three", [{capture, [1], list}]) of {match, Res} -> hd(Res) end.

clojure

(if-let [groups (re-matches #"one (.*) three" "one two three")]
(println (second groups)))

Searching

Check if a string contains a match to a regular expression

Display "ok" if "abc 123 @#$" matches /\d+/

groovy

if ('abc 123 @#$' =~ /\d+/) println 'ok'

if ('abc 123 @#$'.find(/\d+/)) println 'ok'

erlang

% Erlang uses 'egrep'-compatible regular expressions, so shortcuts like '\d' not supported
String = "abc 123 @#$", Regexp = "[0-9]+",
is_match(String, Regexp) andalso (begin io:format("ok~n"), true end).

case re:run("abc 123 @#$", "\\d+") of {match, _} -> ok end.

clojure

(if (re-find #"\d+" "abc 123 @#$")
(println "ok"))

Loop through a string matching a regex and performing an action for each match

Create a list [fish1,cow3,boat4] when matching "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4" with regex /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/

groovy

list = (text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/).collect{ it[1] + it[2] }

list = []
text.eachMatch(/$(\w+)$:(\d+)/){
list << it[1] + it[2]
}

list = []
text.eachMatch(/$(\w+)$:(\d+)/){ m, name, number ->
list << "$name$number"
}

list = (text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/).collect{ all, name, num -> "$name$num" }

list = text.findAll(regex){ _, name, num -> "$name$num" }

list = text.findAll(regex){ it[1] + it[2] }

erlang

solve(S) ->
R = "\$(\\w+?)\$:(\\d+)",
{match, M} = re:run(S,R, [global, {capture, all_but_first, list}]),
[ A++N || [A, N] <- M].

clojure

(let [matcher (re-matcher #"$(\w+)$:(\d+)" "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4")]
(loop [match (re-find matcher)
lst []]
(if match
(recur (re-find matcher) (conj lst (str (second match) (nth match 2))))
lst)))

Replacing

Replace the first regex match in a string with a static string

Transform "Red Green Blue" into "R*d Green Blue" by replacing /e/ with "*"

groovy

replaced = "Red Green Blue".replaceFirst("e", "*")

erlang

{ok, Replaced, _} = regexp:sub("Red Green Blue", "e", "*"),

re:replace("Red Green Blue", "e", "*", [{return, list}]).

clojure

(.replaceFirst (re-matcher #"e" "Red Green Blue") "*")

Replace all regex matches in a string with a static string

Transform "She sells sea shells" into "She X X shells" by replacing /se\w+/ with "X"

groovy

replaced = text.replaceAll(/se\w+/,"X")

erlang

% Erlang uses 'egrep'-compatible regular expressions, so shortcuts like '\w' not supported
{ok, Replaced, _} = regexp:gsub("She sells sea shells", "se[A-Za-z0-9_]+", "X"),

re:replace("She sells sea shells", "se\\w+", "X", [global, {return, list}]).

clojure

(.replaceAll (re-matcher #"se\w+" "She sells sea shells") "X")

Replace all regex matches in a string with a dynamic string

Transform "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}" into "The kciuQ Brown xoF" by reversing words in braces using the regex /\{(\w+)\}/.

groovy

replaced = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}".replaceAll(/\{(\w+)\}/, { full, word -> word.reverse() } )

erlang

% Erlang regular expressions lack both group capture and backreferences, thus this problem is not directly
% solvable. Presented solution is close, but not on-spec

String = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}",
{match, FieldList} = regexp:matches(String, "\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}"),

NewString = lists:foldl(fun ({Start, Length}, S) -> replstr(S, lists:reverse(string:substr(S, Start, Length)), Start) end, String, FieldList),

clojure

(def *string* "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}")
(def *regex* (re-pattern #"\{(\w+)\}"))

(println
(loop [result ""
src *string*
replace-strs (re-seq *regex* *string*)]
(if (empty? src)
result
(let [[match replacement] (first replace-strs)]
(if (= (first src) (first match))
; At the beginning of a sequence that should be replaced.
; Do replacement of a single match
(recur (str result (apply str (reverse replacement)))
(drop (count match) src)
(rest replace-strs))
; else, just copy one char from the source to the result
(recur (str result (first src))
(rest src)
replace-strs))))))

(clojure.string/replace "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}"
#"\{(\w+)\}"
(fn [[_ word]] (apply str (reverse word))))

Lists

Declaration

Define an empty list

Assign the variable "list" to a list with no elements

groovy

list = []

// if a special kind of list is required
list = new LinkedList() // java style
LinkedList list = [] // statically typed
// using 'as' operator
list = [] as java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList

erlang

List = [],

clojure

(list)

'()

Define a static list

Define the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five]

groovy

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']

// other variations
List<String> numbers1 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
String[] numbers2 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
numbers3 = new LinkedList(['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'])
numbers4 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'] as Stack // Groovy 1.6+

erlang

List = [one, two, three, four, five],

List = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'],

clojure

(def a '[One Two Three Four Five])

Output

Join the elements of a list, separated by commas

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot] produce "Apple, Banana, Carrot"

groovy

string = fruit.join(', ')

string = fruit.toString()[1..-2]

erlang

Result = string:join(Fruit, ", "),

Result = lists:foldl(fun (E, Acc) -> Acc ++ ", " ++ E end, hd(Fruit), tl(Fruit)),

Result = lists:flatten([ hd(Fruit) | [ ", " ++ X || X <- tl(Fruit)]]).

clojure

(apply str (interpose ", " '("Apple" "Banana" "Carrot")))

Join the elements of a list, in correct english

Create a function join that takes a List and produces a string containing an english language concatenation of the list. It should work with the following examples:
join([Apple, Banana, Carrot]) = "Apple, Banana, and Carrot"
join([One, Two]) = "One and Two"
join([Lonely]) = "Lonely"
join([]) = ""

groovy

def join(list) {
if (!list) return ''
switch(list.size()) {
case 1:
return list[0]
case 2:
return list.join(' and ')
default:
return list[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + list[-1]
}
}

ArrayList.metaClass.joinEng = { ->
def closureMap = [0: { -> delegate.join(' and ')}, 1 : {-> delegate.join(' and ')}].withDefault { k -> { -> delegate[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + delegate[-1] } }
if (delegate.size()) closureMap[delegate.size()-1].call()
else ""
}

assert ["a"].joinEng() == "a"
assert ["a", "b"].joinEng() == "a and b"
assert ["a", "b", "c"].joinEng() == "a, b, and c"
assert [].joinEng() == ""

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [join(Fruit)]).

% ------

join([]) -> "";
join([W|Ws]) -> join(Ws, W).

join([], S) -> S;
join([W], S) -> join([], S ++ " and " ++ W);
join([W|Ws], S) -> join(Ws, S ++ ", " ++ W).

%% According to the reference manual, "string is not a data type in Erlang."
%% Instead it has lists of integers. But I/O functions in general accept
%% IO lists, where an IO list is either a list of IO lists or an integer.
%% This gives you O(1) string concatenation.

-module(commalist).
-export([join/1]).

join([]) -> "";
join([W]) -> W;
join([W1, W2]) -> [W1, " and ", W2];
join([W1, W2, W3]) -> [W1, ", ", W2, ", and ", W3];
join([W1|Ws]) -> [W1, ", ", join(Ws)].

clojure

(defn join [lst]
(cond
(= (count lst) 0) ""
(= (count lst) 1) (first lst)
(= (count lst) 2) (str (first lst) " and " (second lst))
(> (count lst) 2) (loop [lst lst sb (StringBuilder.)]
(if (empty? lst)
(.toString sb)
(recur (rest lst) (.append sb (cond
(> (count lst) 2) (str (first lst) ", ")
(> (count lst) 1) (str (first lst) ", and ")
(= (count lst) 1) (str (first lst)))))))))

(defn join
([lst]
(join lst false))
([lst is-long]
(condp = (count lst)
0 ""
1 (first lst)
2 (str (first lst) (if is-long ",") " and " (second lst))
(str (first lst) ", " (join (rest lst) true)))))

Produce the combinations from two lists

Given two lists, produce the list of tuples formed by taking the combinations from the individual lists. E.g. given the letters ["a", "b", "c"] and the numbers [4, 5], produce the list: [["a", 4], ["b", 4], ["c", 4], ["a", 5], ["b", 5], ["c", 5]]

groovy

letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
numbers = [4, 5]
combos = [letters, numbers].combinations()

erlang

Combinations =
lists:foldl(fun (Number, Acc) -> Acc ++ lists:map(fun (Letter) -> {Letter, Number} end, Letters) end, [], Numbers),

Combinations = lists:keysort(2, sofs:to_external(sofs:product(sofs:set(Letters), sofs:set(Numbers))))

[[A, B] || A <- ["a", "b", "c"], B <- [4, 5]].

clojure

(defn combine [lst1 lst2]
(mapcat (fn [x] (map #(list % x) lst1)) lst2))

(mapcat (fn [x] (map #(list % x) ["a", "b", "c"])) [4, 5])

From a List Produce a List of Duplicate Entries

Taking a list:
["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

Write the code to produce a list of duplicates in the list:
["bob"]

groovy

def input = ["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

def output = input.findAll{input.count(it)>1}.unique()

assert output == ["bob"]

erlang

{_, Result} = lists:foldl(
fun(X, {Uniq, Dupl}) -> case lists:member(X, Uniq) of
true -> {Uniq,[X | Dupl]};
_ -> {[X | Uniq], Dupl}
end
end,
{[], []},
List),

Fun = fun
([X | Xs], F) -> case lists:member(X, Xs) of
true -> [X | F(Xs, F)];
_ -> F(Xs, F)
end;
([], _) -> []
end,
Result = Fun(List, Fun).

clojure

(->> '("andrew" "bob" "chris" "bob")
(group-by identity)
(filter #(> (count (second %)) 1))
(map first))

Access

Fetch an element of a list by index

Given the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five], fetch the third element ('Three')

groovy

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
result = list[2] // index starts at 0

erlang

Result = lists:nth(3, List),

Result = element(3, list_to_tuple(List)),

{Left, _} = lists:split(3, List), Result = lists:last(Left),

Result = nth0(2, List),

clojure

(nth '[One Two Three Four Five] 2)

Fetch the last element of a list

Given the list [Red, Green, Blue], access the last element ('Blue')

groovy

list = ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue']
result = list[-1]

erlang

Result = lists:last(List),

Result = last(List),

Result = hd(lists:reverse(List)),

Result = lists:nth(length(List), List),

clojure

(last '[One Two Three Four Five])

Find the common items in two lists

Given two lists, find the common items. E.g. given beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white'] and colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green'], what are the bean varieties that are also color names?

groovy

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']
common = beans.intersect(colors)
assert common == ['black', 'red']

erlang

Beans = sets:from_list([broad, mung, black, red, white]), Colors = sets:from_list([black, red, blue, green]),

Common = sets:to_list(sets:intersection(Beans, Colors)),

clojure

(use 'clojure.set)

(let [beans '[broad mung black red white]
colors '[black red blue green]]
(intersection (set beans) (set colors)))

Display the unique items in a list

Display the unique items in a list, e.g. given ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18], display the unique elements, i.e. with duplicates removed.

groovy

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]
println ages.unique()

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]
unique = ages as Set
println unique

erlang

Ages = sets:to_list(sets:from_list([18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])), io:format("~w~n", [Ages]).

lists:usort([18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]).

clojure

;; returns a set
(set [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])
;;#{14 16 17 18 19}

;; returns a lazy sequence of the unique elements
(distinct [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])
;;(18 16 17 19 14)

Modification

Remove an element from a list by index

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot], remove the first element to produce the list [Banana, Carrot]

groovy

// to produce a new list
newlist = list.tail() // for 'Apple' at start
newlist = list - 'Apple' // for 'Apple' anywhere

// mutate original list
list.remove(0)

erlang

Result = tl(List),

[_|Result] = List,

N = 1, {Left, Right} = lists:split(N - 1, List), Result = Left ++ tl(Right),

Result = drop(1, List),

clojure

(let [fruit ["Apple" "Banana" "Carrot"]
index 0]
(concat
(take index fruit)
(drop (+ index 1) fruit)))

Remove the last element of a list

groovy

list = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
// to produce a new list
newlist = list[0,1]
// to modify original list
list.remove(2)

erlang

Result = init(List),

Result = take(length(List) - 1, List),

Result = lists:reverse(tl(lists:reverse(List))),

clojure

(pop ["Apple" "Banana" "Carrot"])

Rotate a list

Given a list ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"], rotate it by removing the first item and placing it on the end to yield ["orange", "grapes", "bananas", "apple"]

groovy

first = items.head()
items = items.tail() + first

items = items[1..-1] + items[0]

items = items + items.remove(0)

erlang

N = 1, {Left, Right} = lists:split(N, List), Result = Right ++ Left,

N = 1, Result = rotate(N, List),

clojure

(let [fruit ["apple" "orange" "grapes" "bananas"]]
(concat (rest fruit) [(first fruit)])

Manipulation

Gather together corresponding elements from multiple lists

Given several lists, gather together the first element from every list, the second element from every list, and so on for all corresponding index values in the lists. E.g. for these three lists, first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], years = [1955, 1946, 1940] the result should produce 3 actors. The middle actor should be Tommy Lee Jones.

groovy

first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce']
last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee']
years = [1955, 1946, 1940]
actors = [first, last, years].transpose()
assert actors.size() == 3
assert actors[1] == ['Tommy Lee', 'Jones', 1946]

erlang

First = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], Last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], Years = [1955, 1946, 1940],

Result = lists:zip3(First, Last, Years),

clojure

(defn gatherer [listOfLists]
(if (empty? (first listOfLists))
() ; the base case for recursion
(cons
(map first listOfLists) ; get the first element of each of the lists
(gatherer (map rest listOfLists)) ; gather all the subsequent ones
)
)
)

(def firstnames '("Bruce" "Tommy Lee" "Bruce"))
(def lastnames '("Willis" "Jones" "Lee"))
(def years '(1955 1946 1940))

(println (gatherer [firstnames lastnames years]))

; -> ((Bruce Willis 1955) (Tommy Lee Jones 1946) (Bruce Lee 1940))

(def firstnames ["Bruce" "Tommy Lee" "Bruce"])
(def lastnames ["Willis" "Jones" "Lee"])
(def years [1955 1946 1940])
(println (map (fn [f l y] [f l y]) firstnames lastnames years))

List Combinations

Given two source lists (or sets), generate a list (or set) of all the pairs derived by combining elements from the individual lists (sets). E.g. given suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S'] and faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A'], generate the deck of 52 cards, confirm the deck size and check it contains an expected card, say 'Ace of Hearts'.

groovy

faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']
suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S']
deck = [faces, suites].combinations()
assert deck.size() == 52
assert ['A', 'H'] in deck

erlang

Cards = lists:foldl(fun (Suite, Acc) -> Acc ++ lists:flatmap(fun (Face) -> [{Suite, Face}] end, Faces) end, [], Suites),

io:format("Deck has ~B cards~n", [length(Cards)]),
IsMember = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Cards),
io:format("~s~n", [if IsMember -> "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; true -> "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck" end]),

Cards = sofs:to_external(sofs:product(sofs:set(Suites), sofs:set(Faces))),

io:format("Deck has ~B cards~n", [length(Cards)]),
IsMember = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Cards),
io:format("~s~n", [if IsMember -> "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; true -> "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck" end]),

Deck2 = [{S, V} || S <- [d, c, h, s], V <- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']],
52 = length(Deck2),
true = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Deck2).

clojure

(def suites ["H" "D" "C" "S"])
(def faces [2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "J" "Q" "K" "A"])
(defn listCards [] (for [s suites f faces] [f s]))
(some (partial = ["A" "H"]) (listCards))
; -> true
(count (listCards))
; -> 52

Perform an operation on every item of a list

Perform an operation on every item of a list, e.g.
for the list ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"] calculate
the list of sizes of the strings, e.g. [2, 3, 4, 5]

groovy

animals = ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"]
assert animals*.size() == [2, 3, 4, 5]

erlang

lists:map(fun (X) ->length(X) end, List).

clojure

(map count ["ox" "cat" "deer" "whale"])

Split a list of things into numbers and non-numbers

Given a list that might contain e.g. a string, an integer, a float and a date,
split the list into numbers and non-numbers.

groovy

now = new Date()
things = ["hello", 25, 3.14, now]
(numbers, others) = things.split{ it instanceof Number }
assert numbers == [25, 3.14]
assert others == ["hello", now]

erlang

% Wrapped call to the auxiliary function
number_split(Xs) ->
number_split(Xs, [], []).

% The auxiliary function
number_split([], Num, NonNum) ->
{Num, NonNum};
number_split([X|Xs], Num, NonNum) ->
case is_number(X) of
true ->
number_split(Xs, [X|Num], NonNum);
false ->
number_split(Xs, Num, [X|NonNum])
end.

List = ["hello", 25, 3.14, calendar:local_time()],
{Numbers, NonNumbers} = lists:partition(fun(E) -> is_number(E) end, List)

clojure

(def jumble [3 "Bill" 5.7 '("A" "B" "C")]) ; int, string, float, list

(defn numberNonNumberSorter [jumbledList]
(if (empty? jumbledList)
(hash-map :numbers [], :nonnumbers []) ; recursion base case - return two empty lists
(let [head (first jumbledList)] ; let <head> be the first element in the list
(let [tailresult (numberNonNumberSorter (rest jumbledList))] ; tailresult applies recursively to the remainder
(if (number? head) ; is head a number?
(hash-map
:numbers (cons head (tailresult :numbers)) ; add <head> to the numbers
:nonnumbers (tailresult :nonnumbers)) ; leave nonnumbers the same
(hash-map
:numbers (tailresult :numbers) ; leave numbers the same
:nonnumbers (cons head (tailresult :nonnumbers))) ; add <head> to nonnumbers
)
)
)
)
)

(println (numberNonNumberSorter jumble))

; -> {:nonnumbers (Bill (A B C)), :numbers (3 5.7)}

(group-by number? ["hello" 42 3.14 (Date.)])

Testing

Test if a condition holds for all items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for all items of the list.

groovy

[2,3,4].every{it > 1}

erlang

Result = lists:all(Pred, List).

clojure

(every? #(> % 1) [2 3 4])

Test if a condition holds for any items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for any items of the list.

groovy

[2,3,4].any{it > 3}

erlang

Result = lists:any(Pred, List).

clojure

; The standard library in Clojure has "not-any?" but (oddly enough) no "any?"
(defn any? [pred coll]
((complement not-any?) pred coll))

(any? #(> % 3) [2 3 4])

(some #(> % 3) [2 3 4])

Maps

Declaration

Define an empty map

groovy

def map = [:]

Map map = new HashMap();

erlang

Map = dict:new(),

Map = orddict:new(),

Map = gb_trees:empty(),

Map = ets:new(the_map_name, [set, private, {keypos, 1}]),

clojure

(def m {})

Define an unmodifiable empty map

groovy

empty = Collections.EMPTY_MAP

map = [:].asImmutable()

def empty = MapUtils.EMPTY_SORTED_MAP

def empty = ImmutableMap.of()

erlang

% Erlang data structures are immutable - updating a 'map' sees a modified copy created
Map = dict:new(),

clojure

; Clojure maps are immutable
(def m {})

Define an initial map

Define the map {circle:1, triangle:3, square:4}

groovy

shapes = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]

// if you require a specific type of map ...
LinkedHashMap shapes1 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
Properties shapes2 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
TreeMap shapes3 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
shapes4 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4] as ConcurrentHashMap // as variation

erlang

Map = dict:from_list([{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}]),

Map0 = dict:new(),

% Erlang variables are 'single-assignment' i.e. they cannot be reassigned
Map1 = dict:store(circle, 1, Map0),
Map2 = dict:store(triangle, 3, Map1),
Map3 = dict:store(square, 4, Map2),

Map0 = gb_trees:empty(),

Map1 = gb_trees:enter(circle, 1, Map0),
Map2 = gb_trees:enter(triangle, 3, Map1),
Map3 = gb_trees:enter(square, 4, Map2),

Map = gb_trees:from_orddict(lists:keysort(1, [{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}])),

Map = ets:new(the_map_name, [ordered_set, private, {keypos, 1}]),
ets:insert(Map, [{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}]),

clojure

(def m '{circle 1 triangle 1 square 4})

Access

Check if a key exists in a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print "ok" if an pet exists for "mary"

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
if(pets.containsKey('mary')) println 'ok'

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
if(pets.mary) println 'ok'

erlang

dict:is_key(mary, Pets) andalso begin io:format("ok~n"), true end.

IsMember = ets:member(Pets, mary), if (IsMember) -> io:format("ok~n") ; true -> false end.

case gb_trees:lookup(mary, Pets) of none -> false ; _ -> io:format("ok~n") end.

clojure

(if (contains? '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary} 'mary)
(println "ok"))

Retrieve a value from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print the pet for "joe" ("cat")

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
assert pets['joe'] == 'cat'

assert pets.joe == 'cat'

erlang

dict:is_key(joe, Pets) andalso begin io:format("~w~n", [dict:fetch(joe, Pets)]), true end.

case dict:find(joe, Pets) of error -> false ; {ok, Pet} -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

IsMember = ets:member(Pets, joe), if (IsMember) -> io:format("~w~n", [ets:lookup_element(Pets, joe, 2)]) ; true -> false end.

case ets:match(Pets, {joe, '$1'}) of [] -> false ; [[Pet]] -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

case gb_trees:lookup(joe, Pets) of none -> false ; {value, Pet} -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

clojure

(def pets '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary})

(println (get pets 'joe))

Add an entry to a map

Given an empty pets map, add the mapping from "rob" to "dog"

groovy

pets['rob'] = 'dog'

pets.rob = 'dog'

pets.put('rob', 'dog')

erlang

Pets1 = dict:store(rob, dog, Pets0).

ets:insert(Pets, {rob, dog}).

Pets1 = gb_trees:enter(rob, dog, Pets0).

clojure

(assoc {} 'rob 'dog)

Remove an entry from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} remove the mapping for "bill" and print "canary"

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
println pets.remove('bill')

erlang

Pet = dict:fetch(bill, Pets0), Pets1 = dict:erase(bill, Pets0), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

Pet = ets:lookup_element(Pets, bill, 2), ets:delete(Pets, bill), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

{value, Pet} = gb_trees:lookup(bill, Pets0), Pets1 = gb_trees:delete(bill, Pets0), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

clojure

; Maps are immutable
; The following expression will return a new map without the 'bill key
(let [pets '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary}]
(println (get pets 'bill))
(dissoc pets 'bill))

Algorithms

Create a histogram map from a list

Given the list [a,b,a,c,b,b], produce a map {a:2, b:3, c:1} which contains the count of each unique item in the list

groovy

histogram = [:]
list.each { item ->
if (!histogram.containsKey(item)) histogram[item] = 0
histogram[item]++
}

histogram = [:]
list.each { histogram[it] = (histogram[it] ?: 0) + 1 }

erlang

% Imperative Solution
Histogram = histogram(List),

% Functional (1) Solution
Histogram = histogram(List),

lists:foldl(fun(Elem, OldDict) ->
dict:update_counter(Elem, 1, OldDict)
end,
dict:new(),
[a,b,a,c,b,b])).

clojure

(let [l '[a b a c b b]]
(loop [m {}
d (distinct l)]
(let [item (first d)]
(if (zero? (count d))
m
(recur
(assoc m
item
(count
(filter #(= item %) l)))
(rest d))))))

(->> [:a :b :a :c :b :b]
(group-by identity)
(reduce (fn [m e] (assoc m (first e) (count (second e)))) {}))

(reduce conj {} (for [[x xs] (group-by identity "abacbb")] [x (count xs)]))

(frequencies ["a","b","a","c","b","b"])

(frequencies '[a b a c b b])

Categorise a list

Given the list [one, two, three, four, five] produce a map {3:[one, two], 4:[four, five], 5:[three]} which sorts elements into map entries based on their length

groovy

map = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'].groupBy{ it.size() }

erlang

% Imperative Solution
CatList = categorise(List),

% Functional (1) Solution
CatList = categorise(List),

clojure

(loop [m {}
l ["one" "two" "three" "four" "five"]]
(if (zero? (count l))
m
(let [item (first l)
key (count item)]
(recur
(assoc m key (cons item (get m key [])))
(rest l)))))

(group-by count ["one" "two" "three" "four" "five"])

Structure

Conditionals

Perform an action if a condition is true (IF .. THEN)

Given a variable name, if the value is "Bob", display the string "Hello, Bob!". Perform no action if the name is not equal.

groovy

if (name=='Bob')
println "Hello, Bob!"

erlang

if (Name == "Bob") -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; true -> false end.

case Name of "Bob" -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; _ -> false end.

Name == "Bob" andalso (begin io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]), true end).

clojure

(def person "Bob")
(if (= person "Bob")
(println "Hello, Bob!"))

Perform different actions depending on a boolean condition (IF .. THEN .. ELSE)

Given a variable age, if the value is greater than 42 display "You are old", otherwise display "You are young"

groovy

if (age > 42)
println "You are old"
else
println "You are young"

println "You are " + (age > 42 ? "old" : "young")

erlang

if Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; true -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

Message = if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).

case Age > 42 of true -> io:format("You are old~n") ; false -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; _ -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

Message = case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> "old" ; _ -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).

Age > 42 andalso (begin io:format("You are old~n"), true end) orelse (begin io:format("You are young~n"), true end).

(fun (X) when X > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); (_) -> io:format("You are young~n") end)(Age).

(fun () when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); () -> io:format("You are young~n") end)().

io:format("You are ~s~n", [if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end]).

clojure

(def age 41)
(if (> age 42) "You are old" "You are young")

Perform different actions depending on several boolean conditions (IF .. THEN .. ELSIF .. ELSE)

groovy

if (age > 84)
println "You are really ancient"
else if (age > 30)
println "You are middle-aged"
else
println "You are young"

erlang

if
Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.

case Age of
_ when Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
_ when Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.

clojure

(println
(condp <= age
84 "You are really ancient"
30 "You are middle aged"
"You are young"))

Replacing a conditional with many branches with a switch/case statement

Many languages support more compact forms of branching than just if ... then ... else such as switch or case or match. Use such a form to add an appropriate placing suffix to the numbers 1..40, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, ..., 11th, 12th, ... 39th, 40th

groovy

def suffix(n) {
switch(n) {
case { n % 100 in 4..20 } : return 'th'
case { n % 10 == 1 } : return 'st'
case { n % 10 == 2 } : return 'nd'
case { n % 10 == 3 } : return 'rd'
default : return 'th'
}
}
(1..40).each { n ->
println "$n${suffix(n)}"
}

erlang

Suffix = case Num of
N when N > 10, N < 20 -> "th";
N when N rem 10 =:= 1 -> "st";
N when N rem 10 =:= 2 -> "nd";
N when N rem 10 =:= 3 -> "rd";
_ -> "th"
end,
io_lib:format("~w~s", [Num, Suffix])

clojure

(def n 112)

(println (str n
(let [rem (mod n 100)]
(if (and (>= rem 11) (<= rem 13))
"th"
(condp = (mod n 10)
1 "st"
2 "nd"
3 "rd"
"th")))))

Loops

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked before the first action (WHILE .. DO)

Starting with a variable x=1, Print the sequence "1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128," by doubling x and checking that x is less than 150.

groovy

x = 1
while (x < 150) {
print x + ","
x *= 2
}
println()

erlang

X = 1, print_while_X_less_150(X).

Pred = fun (X) -> X < 150 end,
Action = fun (X) -> io:format("~B,", [X]), X * 2 end,
X = 1,

while_do(Pred, Action, X).

clojure

(take-while #(< % 150) (iterate #(* 2 %) 1))

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked after the first action (DO .. WHILE)

Simulate rolling a die until you get a six. Produce random numbers, printing them until a six is rolled. An example output might be "4,2,1,2,6"

groovy

// Groovy has no do..while; use a normal while
int dice = 0
while (dice != 6) {
dice = Math.random() * 6 + 1
print dice
if (dice != 6) print ','
}

erlang

Pred = fun (DiceRoll) -> DiceRoll =/= 6 end,
Action = fun (DiceRoll) -> io:format("~B,", [DiceRoll]), dice_roll() end,

do_while(Pred, Action, dice_roll()).

-module(dice).
-export([start/0]).

start() ->
roll(dice_roll()).

roll(6) ->
io:format("6~n", []);
roll(N) ->
io:format("~B,", [N]),
roll(dice_roll()).

dice_roll() -> random:uniform(6).

clojure

(loop [r (rand-int 6)]
(if (= r 5)
nil
(do
(println r)
(recur (rand-int 6)))))

Perform an action a fixed number of times (FOR)

Display the string "Hello" five times like "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello"

groovy

println "Hello" * 5

5.times { print "Hello" }; println()

erlang

dotimes(5, fun () -> io:format("Hello") end).

lists:foreach(fun (_) -> io:format("Hello") end, lists:seq(1, 5)).

clojure

(dotimes [_ 5]
(print "Hello"))

Perform an action a fixed number of times with a counter

Display the string "10 .. 9 .. 8 .. 7 .. 6 .. 5 .. 4 .. 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. Liftoff!"

groovy

10.downto(1) { print it + " .. " }
println "Liftoff!"

erlang

fromto(10, 1, -1, fun (X) -> io:format("~B .. ", [X]) end), io:format("Liftoff!~n").

lists:foreach(fun (X) -> io:format("~B .. ", [X]) end, lists:seq(10, 1, -1)), io:format("Liftoff!~n").

clojure

(dotimes [i 10]
(print (str (- 10 i) " .. ")))

(println "Liftoff!")

Files

Reading

Read the contents of a file into a string

groovy

contents = file.text

erlang

Text = readfile("Solution607.erl"),

Text = readfile("Solution608.erl"),

clojure

(slurp "/tmp/foobar")

Process a file one line at a time

Open the source file to your solution and print each line in the file, prefixed by the line number, like:
1> First line of file
2> Second line of file
3> Third line of file

groovy

int count = 0
file.eachLine { line ->
println "${++count} > $line"
}

file.eachLine { line, count ->
println "${++count} > $line"
}

erlang

Reader = fun (IODevice) -> io:get_line(IODevice, "") end,
Worker = fun (Line, N) -> io:format("~B> ~s", [N, Line]), N + 1 end,

while_not_eof("Solution609.erl", Reader, Worker, 1).

Reader = fun (Filename) -> {ok, Contents} = file:read_file(Filename), Contents end,
Transformer = fun (Line, N) -> string:concat(string:concat(integer_to_list(N), "> "), Line) end,
Printer = fun (Line) -> io:format("~s~n", [Line]) end,

Lines = string:tokens(binary_to_list(Reader("Solution610.erl")), "\n"),
NewLines = lists:zipwith(Transformer, Lines, lists:seq(1, length(Lines))),
lists:foreach(Printer, NewLines).

clojure

(defn read-line-by-line [fn]
(reduce str (map (partial format "%d> %s\n")
(iterate inc 1)
(read-lines fn))))

Writing

Write a string to a file

groovy

file.delete()
file << 'some text'

file.text = 'some text'

erlang

Line = "This line overwites file contents!\n",
{ok, IODevice} = file:open("test.txt", [write]), file:write(IODevice, Line), file:close(IODevice).

clojure

(with-out-writer "output.txt" (println "Hello file!"))

Append to a file

groovy

file << 'some text'

erlang

Line = "This line appended to file!\n",
{ok, IODevice} = file:open("test.txt", [append]), file:write(IODevice, Line), file:close(IODevice).

clojure

(with-out-append-writer "output.txt" (println "This is appended to the file"))

Directories

Process each file in a directory

groovy

dir.eachFile{ f -> process(f) }

erlang

% File basenames only - many tasks require absolute paths to work
lists:foreach(fun (FileOrDirPath) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath) end, file:list_dir(Directory)).

% Absolute paths provided - will accomodate most tasks
lists:foreach(fun (FileOrDirPath) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath) end, list_dir_path(Directory)).

clojure

; (defn process-file [f] "process one file" body...)
(map process-file (.listFiles (File. ".")))

Process each file in a directory recursively

groovy

dir.eachFileRecurse{ f -> process(f) }

erlang

filelib:fold_files(Directory, ".*", true, fun (FileOrDirPath, Acc) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath), Acc end, []).

process_dir(Directory, Worker).

clojure

; (defn process-file [f] "process one file" body...)
(map process-file (file-seq (File. ".")))

Dates

Parsing

Parse a date and time from a string

Given the string "2008-05-06 13:29", parse it as a date representing 6th March, 2008 1:29:00pm in the local time zone.

groovy

def date = new SimpleDateFormat("yyy-MM-dd HH:mm").parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

def date = Date.parse("yyy-MM-dd HH:mm", "2008-05-06 13:29")

erlang

% AFAIK, no datetime-parsing library exists; 'parse_to_datetime' is a simplistic, problem-specific hack
LocalDateTime = erlang:universaltime_to_localtime(parse_to_datetime("2008-05-06 13:29:34")),

clojure

(.. (SimpleDateFormat. "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm")
(parse "2008-05-06 13:29"))

Printing

Display information about a date

Display the day of month, day of year, month name and day name of the day 8 days from now.

groovy

use (TimeCategory) {
eight_days_time = 1.week.from.now + 1.day
}
println eight_days_time[DAY_OF_MONTH]
println eight_days_time.format('d') // alternative to above
println eight_days_time[DAY_OF_YEAR]
println eight_days_time.format('MMMM')
println eight_days_time.format('EEEE')

clojure

(let [cal (Calendar/getInstance)]
(.add cal Calendar/DAY_OF_YEAR 8)
(println (.format (SimpleDateFormat. "d, D, MMMM, EEEE")
(.getTime cal))))

Display a date in different locales

Display a language/locale friendly version of New Year's Day for 2009 for several languages/locales. E.g. for languages English, French, German, Italian, Dutch the output might be something like:

Thursday, January 1, 2009
jeudi 1 janvier 2009
giovedì 1 gennaio 2009
Donnerstag, 1. Januar 2009
donderdag 1 januari 2009

(Indicate in comments where possible if any language specific or operating system configuration needs to be in place.)

groovy

cal = Calendar.instance
cal.set(2009, JANUARY, 1)
[ENGLISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, new Locale('nl')].each { lang ->
println getDateInstance(FULL, lang).format(cal.time)
}

// relies on Java I18N capabilities which supports many locales, see:
// http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/core/basic/intl/
// available Locales may depend on your version of Java and/or
// operating system and/or installed fonts

clojure

(let [time (.getTime (GregorianCalendar. 2009 Calendar/JANUARY 1))]
(doseq [locale ["en" "fr" "it" "de" "nl"]]
(println (.format (DateFormat/getDateInstance DateFormat/FULL
(Locale. locale))
time))))

Creation

Display the current date and time

Create a Date object representing the current date and time. Print it out.
If you can also do this without creating a Date object you can show that too.

groovy

println new Date()

erlang

io:format("~p~n", [calendar:local_time()])

clojure

(import 'java.util.Date)

(println (str (Date.)))

OOP

Basics

Define a class

Declare a class named Greeter that takes a string on creation and greets using this string if you call the "greet" method.

groovy

// version using named parameters
class Greeter {
def whom
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom" }
}
new Greeter(whom:'world').greet()

// version using traditional constructor
class Greeter {
private whom
Greeter(whom) { this.whom = whom }
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom" }
}
new Greeter('world').greet()

erlang

Greeter = make_greeter("world!"),
Greeter(greet).

clojure

(defprotocol IGreeter
(greet [this]))

(deftype Greeter [whom]
IGreeter
(greet [this]
(println (str "Hello, " whom))))

(greet (Greeter. "world"))

(defn greeter [whom]
{:whom whom})

(defn greet [g]
(println (str "Hello, " (:whom g))))

(greet (greeter "world"))

Instantiate object with mutable state

Reimplement the Greeter class so that the 'whom' property or data member remains private but is mutable, and is provided with getter and setter methods. Invoke the setter to change the greetee, invoke 'greet', then use the getter in displaying the line, "I have just greeted {whom}.".

For example, if the greetee is changed to 'Tommy' using the setter, the 'greet' method would display:

Hello, Tommy!

The getter would then be used to display the line:

I have just greeted Tommy.

groovy

class Greeter {
def whom
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom!" }
}

greeter = new Greeter(whom:"world"); greeter.greet()

greeter.whom = 'Tommy'; greeter.greet()
println "I have just greeted $greeter.whom"

clojure

(defn greeter [whom]
(atom {:whom whom}))

(defn get-whom [g]
(:whom @g))

(defn set-whom [g whom]
(swap! g #(conj % {:whom whom})))

(defn greet [g]
(println (str "Hello, " (:whom @g) "!")))

; using the "class"
(let [g (greeter "world")]
(greet g)
(set-whom g "Tommy")
(greet g)
(println (str "I have just greeted " (get-whom g) ".")))

; or same effect without using any variables
(println (str "I have just greeted "
(get-whom (doto (greeter "world")
(greet)
(set-whom "Tommy")
(greet)))
"."))

Inheritance

Implement Inheritance Heirarchy

Implement a Shape abstract class which will form the base of an inheritance hierarchy that models 2D geometric shapes. It will have:

* A non-mutable 'name' property or data member set by derived or descendant classes at construction time
* A 'area' method intended to be overridden by derived or descendant classes ( double precision floating point return value)
* A 'print' method (also for overriding) will display the shape

's name, area, and all shape-specific values



Two derived or descendant classes will be created:

* Circle    -> Constructor requires a '

radius' argument, and a 'circumference

' method to be implemented  

* Rectangle -> Constructor requires '

length' and 'breadth' arguments, and a 'perimeter

' method to be implemented 



Instantiate an object of each class, and invoke each objects '

print' method to show relevant details.

groovy

abstract class Shape {
final name
Shape(name) { this.name = name }
abstract area()
abstract print()
}

class Circle extends Shape {
final radius
Circle(radius) {
super('circle')
this.radius = radius
}
def area() { Math.PI * radius * radius }
def circumference() { 2 * Math.PI * radius }
def print() {
println "I am a $name with ->"
printf 'Radius: %.2f\n', radius
printf 'Area: %.2f\n', area()
printf 'Circumference: %.2f\n', circumference()
}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
final length, breadth
def Rectangle(length, breadth) {
super("rectangle")
this.length = length
this.breadth = breadth
}
def area() { length * breadth }
def perimeter() { 2 * length + 2 * breadth }
def print() {
println "I am a $name with ->"
printf 'Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f\n', length, breadth
printf 'Area: %.2f\n', area()
printf 'Perimeter: %.2f\n', perimeter()
}
}

shapes = [new Circle(4.2), new Rectangle(2.7, 3.1), new Rectangle(6.2, 2.6), new Circle(17.3)]
shapes.each { shape -> shape.print() }

clojure

(defmulti area :Shape)
(defmulti print :Shape)

; Circle methods
(defn circle [r]
{:Shape :Circle
:name "Circle"
:radius r})

(defn circumference [c]
(* 2 Math/PI (:radius c)))

(defmethod area :Circle [c]
(* Math/PI (:radius c) (:radius c)))

(defmethod print :Circle [c]
(println (format "I am a %s with ->" (:name c)))
(println (format "Radius: %.2f" (:radius c)))
(println (format "Area: %.2f" (area c)))
(println (format "Circumference: %.2f" (circumference c))))

; Rectangle methods
(defn rectangle [l b]
{:Shape :Rectangle
:name "Rectangle"
:length l
:breadth b})

(defn perimeter [r]
(+ (* 2 (:length r)) (* 2 (:breadth r))))

(defmethod area :Rectangle [r]
(* (:length r) (:breadth r)))

(defmethod print :Rectangle [r]
(println (format "I am a %s with ->" (:name r)))
(println (format "Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f" (:length r) (:breadth r)))
(println (format "Area: %.2f" (area r)))
(println (format "Perimeter: %.2f" (perimeter r))))

; usage of the "classes"
(let [shapes (list (circle 4.2) (rectangle 2.7 3.1) (rectangle 6.2 2.6) (circle 17.3))]
(doseq [shape shapes]
(print shape)))

Implement and use an Interface

Create a Serializable interface consisting of 'save' and 'restore' methods, each of which:

* Accept a stream or handle or descriptor argument for the source or destination
* Save to destination or restore from source the properties or data members of the implementing class (restrict yourself to the primitive types 'int' and 'string')

Next, create a Person class which has 'name' and 'age' properties or data members and implements this interface. Instantiate a Person object, save it to a serial stream, and instantiate a new Person object by restoring it from the serial stream.

groovy

// Built-in functionality but with slightly different names. Showing usage:
class Person implements Serializable { String name; int age }
p1 = new Person(name:'John', age:21)
p2 = null
output = new ByteArrayOutputStream() // or FileOutputStream, etc.
output.withObjectOutputStream { oos -> oos << p1 }
input = new ByteArrayInputStream(output.toByteArray())
input.withObjectInputStream(getClass().classLoader){ ois -> p2 = ois.readObject() }
assert p2.name == 'John'
assert p2.age == 21

clojure

(defn person [name age]
{:name name :age age})

(defn show [p]
(println (format "Name=%s Age=%d" (:name p) (:age p))))

(defn save [p filename]
(with-out-writer filename (pr p)))

(defn restore [filename]
(read (PushbackReader. (reader filename))))

(let [p (person "Ken" 38)]
(show p)
(save p *person-fn*))

(let [ser-p (restore *person-fn*)]
(show ser-p))

Networking

HTTP

Check your language appears on the langref.org site

Your language name should appear within the HTML found at the http://langreg.org main page.

groovy

assert new URL('http://langref.org').text.contains('groovy')

erlang

URL = "http://langref.org/", Language = "erlang", Regexp = ".*" ++ URL ++ Language ++ ".*",

case http:request(URL) of
{ok, {_, _, Body}} ->
case regexp:first_match(Body, Regexp) of
{match, _, _} -> io:format("Language ~s exists @ ~s~n", [Language, URL]);
_ -> false
end;
{error, ErrorInfo} -> throw("Error: " ++ http:format_error(ErrorInfo))
end,

clojure

(def *url* "http://langref.org/")
(def *lang* "clojure")

(with-open [ stream (.openStream (URL. *url*)) ]
(let [ body (str (line-seq (BufferedReader. (InputStreamReader. stream)))) ]
(str "Language " *lang* " does "
(if-not (re-matches (re-pattern (str ".*" *url* *lang* ".*")) body) "not ")
"exist")))

SMTP

Send an email

Use library functions, classes or objects to create a short email addressed to your own email address. The subject should be, "Greetings from langref.org", and the user should be prompted for the message body, and whether to cancel or proceed with sending the email.

groovy

// numerous libraries exist, this uses ant
// needs these jars: mailapi.jar, smtp.jar, ant-javamail.jar, ant-nodeps.jar
new AntBuilder().with {
input(message:'Message to send:', addproperty:'body')
input(message:'Send email?', validargs:'y,n,Y,N', addproperty:'confirm')
condition(property:'abort') { matches(string:'${confirm}', pattern:'n|N') }
fail(if:'abort', 'Email send aborted by user')
mail(mailhost:'smtp.gmail.com', mailport:'465', ssl:'on', user:'you@gmail.com',
subject:'Greetings from langref.org', password:'your_password'){
from(address:'you@gmail.com')
to(address:'rob@langref.org')
message('${body}')
}
}

XML

Parsing

Process an XML document

Given the XML Document:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>

Print out the total cost of the items, e.g. $14.50

groovy

printf '$%.2f\n', new XmlSlurper().parseText(xml).item.collect{
it.@quantity.toInteger() * it.@price.toFloat()
}.sum()

erlang

-include_lib("xmerl/include/xmerl.hrl").
-export([get_total/1]).

get_total(ShoppingList) ->
{XmlElt, _} = xmerl_scan:string(ShoppingList),
Items = xmerl_xpath:string("/shopping/item", XmlElt),
Total = lists:foldl(fun(Item, Tot) ->
[#xmlAttribute{value = PriceString}] = xmerl_xpath:string("/item/@price", Item),
{Price, _} = string:to_float(PriceString),
[#xmlAttribute{value = QuantityString}] = xmerl_xpath:string("/item/@quantity", Item),
{Quantity, _} = string:to_integer(QuantityString),
Tot + Price*Quantity
end,
0, Items),
io:format("$~.2f~n", [Total]).

clojure

(println (format "Total cost of items are $%#.2f"
(->> (xml-seq (parse *xml-input-stream*))
(filter #(= :item (:tag %))) ; Remove all but the item tags
(map :attrs) ; Keep the attributes
(map (fn [e] (str "(* " (:quantity e) " " (:price e) ")"))) ; Get the total price as a sexp
(map read-string) ; "(* quantity price)" -> (* quantity price)
(map eval) ; (* quantity price) -> quantity*price
(apply +)))) ; Sum all elements

Creation

create some XML programmatically

Given the following CSV:

bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50

Produce the equivalent information in XML, e.g.:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50" />
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50" />
</shopping>

groovy

b = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder()
b.shopping {
csv.eachLine { line ->
(n, q, p) = line.split(',')
item(name:n, quantity:q, price:p)
}
}

// Groovy equivalent of Java JAXB solution
@XmlAccessorType(NONE)
class Item {
@XmlAttribute String name
@XmlAttribute Integer quantity
@XmlAttribute Double price
}

@XmlAccessorType(NONE)
@XmlRootElement
class Shopping {
@XmlElement Set<Item> items = []
}

Shopping shopping = new Shopping()
csvtext.eachLine{ line ->
(n, q, p) = line.split(',')
shopping.items << new Item(name:n, quantity:q.toInteger(), price:p.toDouble())
}
JAXB.marshal shopping, System.out

erlang

to_xml(ShoppingList) ->
Items = lists:map(fun(L) ->
[Name, Quantity, Price] = string:tokens(L, ","),
{item, [{name, Name}, {quantity, Quantity}, {price, Price}], []}
end, string:tokens(ShoppingList, "\n")),
xmerl:export_simple([{shopping, [], Items}], xmerl_xml).

clojure

(defn list->xml-item [lst]
(let [[name quantity price] (map str lst)]
{:tag :item
:attrs {:name name
:quantity quantity
:price price}}))

(defn cvs->xml [r]
(->> (map #(read-string (str "(" % ")")) (line-seq r))
(map list->xml-item)
(assoc {:tag :shopping} :content)
(emit)
(with-out-str)))

(println (cvs->xml *cvs-reader*))

Algorithms

Geometry

Find all Pythagorean triangles with length or height less than or equal to 20

Pythagorean triangles are right angle triangles whose sides comply with the following equation:

a * a + b * b = c * c

where c represents the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the other two sides. Find all such triangles where a, b and c are non-zero integers with a and b less than or equal to 20. Sort your results by the size of the hypotenuse. The expected answer is:

[3, 4, 5]
[6, 8, 10]
[5, 12, 13]
[9, 12, 15]
[8, 15, 17]
[12, 16, 20]
[15, 20, 25]

groovy

Set results = []
for (x in 1..20)
for (y in x..20) {
def z = sqrt(x*x + y*y)
if (z.toInteger() == z) results << [x, y, z.toInteger()]
}
println results.sort{it[2]}.join('\n')

erlang

find_all_pythagorean_triangles(L) ->
lists:sort(fun({_, _, H1}, {_, _, H2}) -> H1 =< H2 end,
[ { X, Y, Z } ||
X <- lists:seq(1,L),
Y <- lists:seq(1,L),
Z <- lists:seq(1,2*L),
X*X + Y*Y =:= Z*Z,
Y > X,
Z > Y
]).

main(_) ->
List = find_all_pythagorean_triangles(20).

clojure

(defn pythagorean [a b c] (= (+ (* a a) (* b b)) (* c c)))

(defn intsqrt [cc]
(. (. Math sqrt cc) intValue)
)

(defn triples [maxSize]
(filter not-empty
(for [a (range 1 20) b (range a 20)]
(let [c (intsqrt (+ (* a a) (* b b)))]
(if (pythagorean a b c)
[a b c]
()
)))))

(triples 20)
; -> ([3 4 5] [5 12 13] [6 8 10] [8 15 17] [9 12 15] [12 16 20] [15 20 25])

(defn sortByHypotenuse [triples]
(sort-by #(first (rest (rest %))) triples)
)

(sortByHypotenuse (triples 20))
; -> ([3 4 5] [6 8 10] [5 12 13] [9 12 15] [8 15 17] [12 16 20] [15 20 25])

(doseq [pt (sort-by #(% 2)
(for [a (range 1 21)
b (range a 21)
:let [aa+bb (+ (* a a) (* b b))
c (Math/round (Math/sqrt aa+bb))]
:when (= aa+bb (* c c))]
[a b c]))]
(println pt))

Arithmetic

Greatest Common Divisor

Find the largest positive integer that divides two given numbers without a remainder. For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4.

groovy

static def gcd(int i, int j) {
if (Math.min(i,j)==0) return Math.max(i,j)
else return gcd(Math.min(i,j),Math.abs(i-j))
}

erlang

-module(gcd).
-export([gcd/2]).

gcd(A, 0) -> A;
gcd(A, B) -> gcd(B, A rem B).

clojure

(defn gcd [a b]
(if (zero? b)
a
(recur b (mod b a))))

Misc

Fun

produces a copy of its own source code

In computing, a quine is a computer program which produces a copy of its own source code as its only output.

groovy

s="s=%s;printf s,s.inspect()";printf s,s.inspect()

evaluate s='char q=39;print"evaluate s=$q$s$q"'

s="s=%c%s%c;printf s,34,s,34";printf s,34,s,34

s='s=%c%s%1$c;printf s,39,s';printf s,39,s

printf _='printf _=%c%s%1$c,39,_',39,_

clojure

(def s"(def s%s)(printf s(pr-str s))")(printf s(pr-str s))

Parallel

Pool of Workers

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (No Shared Data)

groovy

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
def ans = [].asSynchronized()
def words = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]
def threads = []

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

words.each { word ->
def t = Thread.start {
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
ans << wordAns
}
threads << t
}

threads.each{ it.join() }
println ans

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
def ans = [].asSynchronized()
def words = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

withParallelizer {
words.eachParallel { word ->
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
ans << wordAns
}
}

println ans

clojure

(defn perm-chars [l]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of strings with the
same size as the input string. This function will return duplicates
if the same character occurs multiple time in the string.
Ex: ab -> (aa ab ba ab)"
(if (string? l)
(recur (repeat (count l) l))
(let [s (first l)
r (rest l)]
(if (empty? r)
(map identity s)
(->> s
(map (fn [c] (map #(str c %) (perm-chars r))))
(flatten))))))

(defn perm-sz [s]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of the input
string. May return duplicats.
Ex: ab -> (aa ab ba bb a b a b)"
(if-not (empty? s)
(let [r (perm-chars s)]
(if (= (count s) 1)
r
(->> r
(map #(perm-sz (apply str (rest %))))
(flatten)
(lazy-cat r))))))

(defn perm [s]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of the input
string. The list of string is sorted and does not contain
duplicates.
Ex: ab -> (a aa ab b ba bb)"
(->> (reduce (fn [s e] (conj s e)) #{} (perm-sz s))
(map str)
(sort)))

(println (pmap perm ["ab" "we" "tfe" "aoj"]))

(require 'cojure.contrib.combinatorics)

(pmap (fn [str]
(apply concat (map #(selections str (inc %))
(range (count str)))))
["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"])

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (Shared Data)

Take a hard to compute problem and split it up between multiple worker threads. In your solution, try to fully utilize available cores or processors. (I'm looking at you, Python!)

Note: In this question, there should be a need for shared state between worker threads while the problem is being solved.

Example:

-Conway Game of Life-

From Wikipedia:

The universe of the Game of Life is an infinite two-dimensional orthogonal grid of square cells, each of which is in one of two possible states, live or dead. Every cell interacts with its eight neighbors, which are the cells that are directly horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent. At each step in time, the following transitions occur:

1. Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by underpopulation.
2. Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by overcrowding.
3. Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.
4. Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell.

The initial pattern constitutes the seed of the system. The first generation is created by applying the above rules simultaneously to every cell in the seed—births and deaths happen simultaneously, and the discrete moment at which this happens is sometimes called a tick (in other words, each generation is a pure function of the one before). The rules continue to be applied repeatedly to create further generations.

--However, for our purposes, we will assign a size to the game "board": 2^k * 2^k . That is, the board should be easy to subdivide.

Notice that in this problem, at each step or "tick", each thread/process will need to share data with its neighborhood.

groovy

// some crude assumptions made for size and amount of parallelism
enum State { ALIVE, DEAD }
import static State.*

seed = '''\
* *
** **
** *
*
**
***
**
* \
'''

def computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n) {
// crudely split into 4 chunks but could be smarter if we wanted
int half = n/2
def t1 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, 0, half, 0, half) }
def t2 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, 0, half, half, n) }
def t3 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, half, n, 0, half) }
def t4 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, half, n, half, n) }
[t1, t2, t3, t4].each{ it.join() }
}

def computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, minx, maxx, miny, maxy) {
for (int i = minx; i < maxx; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < maxy; j++)
if (i == 0 || i == n-1 || j == 0 || j == n-1)
outboard[i][j] = DEAD
for (int i = minx; i < maxx; i++) {
for (int j = miny; j < maxy; j++) {
if (i == 0 || i == n-1 || j == 0 || j == n-1)
continue
int count = 0
[[-1, 0, 1], [-1, 0, 1]].combinations().each{ dx, dy ->
if ((dx || dy) && inboard[i+dx][j+dy] == ALIVE) count++
}
switch(count) {
case {count == 3}:
case {inboard[i][j] == ALIVE && count == 2}:
outboard[i][j] = ALIVE; break
default:
outboard[i][j] = DEAD
}
}
}
}

void printBoard(board) {
println '--------'
println board*.collect{ it == DEAD ? ' ' : '*' }*.join().join('\n')
}

void initBoard(seed, board) {
def row = 0
seed.readLines().each { line ->
def col = 0
line.each { ch ->
board[row][col++] = ch == '*' ? ALIVE : DEAD
}
row++
}
}

def N = 8
def NUM_CYCLES = 3
def board1 = new State[N][N]
def board2 = new State[N][N]
initBoard(seed, board1)
NUM_CYCLES.times {
computeNextGen board1, board2, N
printBoard board2
computeNextGen board2, board1, N
printBoard board1
}

clojure

; This is a "glider"
(def *start*
[".O......"
"..O....."
"OOO....."
"........"
"........"
"........"
"........"])
(def *width* (count (first *start*)))
(def *height* (count *start*))
(def *live* \O)
(def *dead* \.)
(def *n-generations-to-show* 3)

(defn cell-at
([b coord]
(cell-at b coord {:col 0 :row 0}))
([b coord offset]
(let [x (mod (+ (:col coord) (:col offset)) *width*)
y (mod (+ (:row coord) (:row offset)) *height*)]
(nth (nth b y) x))))

(defn neighbor-count [b coord]
(->> (for [x (range -1 2) y (range -1 2)] {:col x :row y})
(filter #(not (= {:col 0 :row 0} %)))
(map (partial cell-at b coord))
(reduce (fn [sum n] (+ sum (if (= *live* n) 1 0))) 0)))

(defn next-generation-cell [b coord]
(let [nc (neighbor-count b coord)]
(cond (< nc 2) *dead*
(> nc 3) *dead*
(= nc 3) *live*
true (cell-at b coord))))

(defn next-generation-row [b row]
(->> (range *width*)
(map #(next-generation-cell b {:col % :row row}))
(apply str)))

(defn next-generation [b]
(->> (range *height*)
(pmap #(next-generation-row b %))))

(defn generation-seq [b]
(let [ng (next-generation b)]
(lazy-seq (cons ng (generation-seq ng)))))

(doseq [g (take *n-generations-to-show* (generation-seq *start*))]
(doseq [l g]
(println l))
(println))

(shutdown-agents)

; This version calculates each separate line on a separate thread (pmap in next-generation)

Threads

Create a multithreaded "Hello World"

Create a program which outputs the string "Hello World" to the console, multiple times, using separate threads or processes.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says Hello World!
Thread two says Hello World!
Thread four says Hello World!
Thread three says Hello World!

-Notice that the threads can print in any order.

groovy

["one","two","three","four"].each { tid ->
Thread.start {
println "Thread $tid says Hello World!"
}
}

import static groovyx.gpars.Parallelizer.*
withParallelizer {
["one","two","three","four"].eachParallel {
println "Thread $it says Hello World!"
}
}

erlang

-module(spam).
-export([spam/1]).

spam(N) when N<5 ->
spawn(fun() -> io:format("Hello World from thread ~p~n",[N]) end),
spam(N+1);
spam(_) -> void.

clojure

(doseq [msg ["one" "two" "three" "four"]]
(future (println "Thread" msg "says Hello World!")))

(dorun (pmap #(println (str "Thread " % " says Hello World!")) '("one" "two" "three" "four")))

(dorun (map (fn [n] (.start (Thread. #(println (str "Thread " n " says Hello World!")))))
'("one" "two" "three" "four")))

Create read/write lock on a shared resource.

Create multiple threads or processes who are either readers or writers. There should be more readers then writers.

(From Wikipedia):

Multiple readers can read the data in parallel but an exclusive lock is needed while writing the data. When a writer is writing the data, readers will be blocked until the writer is finished writing.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says that the value is 8.
Thread three says that the value is 8.
Thread two is taking the lock.
Thread four tried to read the value, but could not.
Thread five tried to write to the value, but could not.
Thread two is changing the value to 9.
Thread two is releasing the lock.
Thread four says that the value is 9.
...

--Notice that when a needed resource is locked, a thread can set a timer and try again in the future, or wait to be notified that the resource is no longer locked.

groovy

def lock = new ReentrantLock()
Integer value = 8

20.times { i ->
if (i % 3 == 0) {
Thread.start {
if (!lock.tryLock()) {
println "Thread " + i + " tried to write the value, but could not."
lock.lock()
}
value = (int) (Math.random() * 10)
println "Thread " + i + " is changing the value to " + value
lock.unlock()
println "Thread " + i + " is releasing the lock."
}
} else {
Thread.start {
if (!lock.tryLock()) {
println "Thread " + i + " tried to read the value, but could not."
lock.lock()
}
println "Thread " + i + " says that the value is " + value + "."
lock.unlock()
}
}
}

clojure

; NOTE! Using explicit locking is NOT the Clojure way. It was done
; this way in order to comply exactly with the problem
; specification. Sharing data in Clojure would normally be done by
; using "atom", "agent" or "ref" depending on situation. None of those
; methods would ever result in the reader not being able to read (as
; required by the problem) since reading is wait-free in clojure.

(def *readers* (map #(agent %) '("one" "two" "three")))
(def *writers* (map #(agent %) '("four" "five")))
(def *mutex* (agent :unlocked))
(def *value* 0)

; mutex implementation
(defn lock [state who success-fn fail-fn]
(send who (if (= state :locked) fail-fn success-fn))
:locked)

(defn unlock [mutex]
:unlocked)

; Must be invoked with send-off since this handler blocks
(defn rand-sleep [state next-fn]
(Thread/sleep (rand-int 5))
(send *agent* next-fn)
state)

; Reader functions
(declare try-read)

(defn reader-got-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s says that the value is %d." name *value*))
(send *mutex* unlock)
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-read)
name)

(defn reader-did-not-get-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s tried to read the value, but could not." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-read)
name)

(defn try-read [name]
(send *mutex* lock *agent* reader-got-lock reader-did-not-get-lock)
name)

; Writer functions
(declare try-write)

(defn writer-got-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s is taking the lock." name))
(def *value* (rand-int 10))
(println (format "Thread %s is changing the value to %d." name *value*))
(send *mutex* unlock)
(println (format "Thread %s is relasing the lock." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-write)
name)

(defn writer-did-not-get-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s tried to write the value, but could not." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-write)
name)

(defn try-write [name]
(send *mutex* lock *agent* writer-got-lock writer-did-not-get-lock)
name)

(dorun (map #(send % try-write) *writers*))
(dorun (map #(send % try-read) *readers*))

Separate user interaction and computation.

Allow your program to accept user interaction while conducting a long running computation.

Example:

Hello user! Please input a string to permute: (input thread)
abcdef
Passing on abcdef... (input thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
lol
Passing on lol... (input thread)
Done Work On abcdef! (worker thread)
["abcdef", "abcefd", ... ] (worker thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
EXIT
Quitting, I

'll let my worker thread know... (input thread)

We'

re quitting! Alright! (worker thread)

--Notice, that this could be accomplished on the command line or within a GUI. The point is that computation and user interaction should take place on separate threads of control.

groovy

def threads = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Thread>()

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

println 'Welcome to the parallel permuter'
System.in.withReader { r ->
while (true) {
print 'Enter word:'
def word = r.readLine()
if (word == 'EXIT') {
while (!threads.isEmpty())
threads.poll().stop(new ThreadDeath())
break
} else
threads << Thread.start {
try {
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
println '\nAnswer:' + wordAns
print 'Enter word:'
} catch (ThreadDeath td) {
println 'Thread aborted!'
}
}
}
}

clojure

(defn background-computation [_ s]
(let [res (permutations s)]
(println (format "Done Work On %s!" s))
(println res)))

(defn shutdown-app [_]
(println "We're quitting! Alright!")
(shutdown-agents))

(println "Hello user! Please input a string to permute: ")
(let [worker-agent (agent nil)]
(loop [input (str (read))]
(if (= input "EXIT")
(do (println "Quitting, I'll let my worker thread know...")
(send worker-agent shutdown-app))
(do (println (format "Passing on %s..." input))
(send worker-agent background-computation input)
(println "Please input another string to permute: ")
(recur (str (read)))))))

i18n

i18n-helloworld

Put a internationalizate of HelloWorld program

Set locale to "es" (spanish) and provide a program that changes outputs ("Helloworld") depending of locale.

In pseudocode:

Void main ()

{



Locale.set("es")



print.translate("Helloworld, Locale.get)



}

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href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/robes-de-mariée-c-1.html ">Robes de Mariée</a> :: <br/> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/robes-de-mariée-robe-de-mariée-sexy-c-1_30.html ">Robe de mariée sexy</a> :: <br/>Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes<br/></div> <br/><br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/> <br/><div class="centerColumn" id="productGeneral "> <br/> <br/> <br/><h1 id="productName" class="productGeneral ">Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes</h1> <br/> <br/><form name="cart_quantity" action="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html?action=add_product&number_of_uploads=0" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data "><br/> <br/><div style="float:left; "> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><div id="productMainImage" class="centeredContent back "> <br/> <br/><noscript> <br/><a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=456" target="_blank "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/images/weddingdress/sxw0018.jpg" alt="Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes" title=" Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes " width="240" height="329" /></a><br /><span class="imgLink ">Agrandir l'</code>image<<code>/span></</code>a><<code>/noscript> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <div id=<code>"productAdditionalImages "</code>> <br/> <div id=<code>"dfse "</code>><<code>/div> <br/> <div class="centerBoxContent "> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class="additionalImages centeredContent back" style="width:100%; "><br/> <br/> <noscript><a href="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html<code>" target="</code>_blank <code>"> <a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>images<code>/weddingdress/</code>sxw0018_01.jpg<code>" alt="</code>Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes<code>" title="</code> Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes <code>" width="</code>130<code>" height="</code>174<code>" style="</code>position:relative<code>" onmouseover="</code>showtrail(<code>'images/weddingdress//sxw0018_01.jpg'</code>,<code>'Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes'</code>,130,173,243,325,this,0,0,130,173);<code>" onmouseout="</code>hidetrail();<code>" /></a><br /><span class="</code>imgLinkAdditional <code>">Agrandir l'image</span></a></noscript></div><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/></div></div> <br/> <br/></div> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>width:348px;float:right;<code>" id='pb-left-column'> <br/> <br/><span id="</code>productPrices<code>" class="</code>productGeneral <code>"> <br/>Price: <br/><span class="</code>normalprice <code>">$218.77 </span> <span class="</code>productSpecialPrice <code>">$175.01</span><span class="</code>productPriceDiscount <code>"><br />Economie : 20%</span></span> <br/><div class="</code>model_number<code>" style="</code>height:14px;padding-top:7px <code>"><h4 style="</code>float: left;color:black; <code>"><label class="</code>class <code>">Modèle : </label></h4><div style="</code>float: left;margin-top:5px;margin-left:6px; <code>"><span style="</code>font-size:12px;height:20px;color:black; <code>">Mall3411</span></div><br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><div id="</code>productAttributes <code>"> <br/><h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 1 - Choose Options:</h1> <br/> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Colors</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[8]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-8 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>46 <code>">1</option><br/> <option value="</code>52 <code>">10</option><br/> <option value="</code>53 <code>">12</option><br/> <option value="</code>54 <code>">16</option><br/> <option value="</code>55 <code>">17</option><br/> <option value="</code>56 <code>">18</option><br/> <option value="</code>47 <code>">2</option><br/> <option value="</code>57 <code>">20</option><br/> <option value="</code>58 <code>">21</option><br/> <option value="</code>59 <code>">23</option><br/> <option value="</code>60 <code>">26</option><br/> <option value="</code>61 <code>">27</option><br/> <option value="</code>62 <code>">28</option><br/> <option value="</code>63 <code>">29</option><br/> <option value="</code>64 <code>">30</option><br/> <option value="</code>65 <code>">31</option><br/> <option value="</code>66 <code>">33</option><br/> <option value="</code>67 <code>">35</option><br/> <option value="</code>68 <code>">36</option><br/> <option value="</code>69 <code>">37</option><br/> <option value="</code>48 <code>">4</option><br/> <option value="</code>70 <code>">41</option><br/> <option value="</code>71 <code>">43</option><br/> <option value="</code>72 <code>">44</option><br/> <option value="</code>73 <code>">47</option><br/> <option value="</code>74 <code>">48</option><br/> <option value="</code>75 <code>">49</option><br/> <option value="</code>49 <code>">5</option><br/> <option value="</code>76 <code>">51</option><br/> <option value="</code>77 <code>">54</option><br/> <option value="</code>78 <code>">56</option><br/> <option value="</code>79 <code>">60</option><br/> <option value="</code>80 <code>">61</option><br/> <option value="</code>81 <code>">66</option><br/> <option value="</code>82 <code>">67</option><br/> <option value="</code>83 <code>">69</option><br/> <option value="</code>84 <code>">73</option><br/> <option value="</code>85 <code>">77</option><br/> <option value="</code>86 <code>">78</option><br/> <option value="</code>87 <code>">79</option><br/> <option value="</code>50 <code>">8</option><br/> <option value="</code>51 <code>">9</option><br/> <option value="</code>27 <code>">Ivory</option><br/> <option value="</code>26 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>28 <code>">White</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Sizes</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[9]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-9 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>29 <code>">US 10 / UK 12 / EUR 40</option><br/> <option value="</code>30 <code>">US 12 / UK 14 /EUR 42</option><br/> <option value="</code>31 <code>">US 14 / UK 16 /EUR 44</option><br/> <option value="</code>32 <code>">US 16 / UK 18 /EUR 46</option><br/> <option value="</code>33 <code>">US 18 / UK 20 /EUR 48</option><br/> <option value="</code>34 <code>">US 2 / UK 4 /EUR 32</option><br/> <option value="</code>35 <code>">US 20 / UK 22 /EUR 50</option><br/> <option value="</code>36 <code>">US 22 / UK 24 /EUR 52</option><br/> <option value="</code>37 <code>">US 24 / UK 26 /EUR 54</option><br/> <option value="</code>38 <code>">US 26 / UK 28 /EUR 56</option><br/> <option value="</code>39 <code>">US 28 / UK 30 /EUR 58</option><br/> <option value="</code>40 <code>">US 4 / UK 6 /EUR 34</option><br/> <option value="</code>41 <code>">US 6 / UK 8 /EUR 36</option><br/> <option value="</code>42 <code>">US 8 / UK 10 /EUR 38</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Back style</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[10]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-10 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>44 <code>">Lace Up</option><br/> <option value="</code>43 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>45 <code>">Zip Up</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>padding-bottom:5px; <code>"><a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/size.html" style="color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline; color:#FF0000;" target="_blank ">Size Chart</</code>a> | <a href=<code>"http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/color.html"</code> style=<code>"color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;color:#FF0000;"</code> target=<code>"_blank "</code>>Color Chart<<code>/a></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/><div id='quantity_cart'> <br/><h1>Step 2 - Choose Quantity:</</code>h1> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class=<code>"wrapperAttribsOptions"</code> style=<code>"height:14px;padding-top:7px "</code>><h4 style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><label class=<code>"attribsInput "</code>>Quantity :<<code>/label></</code>h4><div style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><input type=<code>"text"</code> class=<code>"text"</code> id=<code>"quantity_wanted"</code> name=<code>"cart_quantity"</code> value=<code>"1"</code> maxlength=<code>"6"</code> size=<code>"4"</code> <code>/></</code>div><<code>/div> <br/> <br class="clearBoth "> <br/> <h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 3 - Add to cart:</</code>h1> <br/> <p id=<code>'add_to_cart'</code> class=<code>'buttons_bottom_block'</code>> <br/> <input type=<code>"hidden"</code> name=<code>"products_id"</code> value=<code>"456"</code> <code>/><input type="image" src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>includes<code>/templates/</code>weddingdress-7<code>/buttons/</code>french<code>/button_in_cart.gif" alt="ajouter au panier" title=" ajouter au panier " /</code>> <<code>/p> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/><div> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_onlinechat'</code>> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_ssl'</code>> <br/> <a target=<code>'_blank'</code> href=<code>'msnim:chat?contact=myonlineservice@msn.com'</code> style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><img src=<code>'http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/banner/msn.jpg'</code>><<code>/a> <br/> <a target='_blank' href='callto:/meganfox59'><img border=0 align='absmiddle' src='http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>banner<code>/skype.jpg' style="float:left; "></</code>a> <br/> <<code>/div> <br/> </</code>div> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><br class=<code>"clearBoth"</code> <code>/> <br/><div id='descript_menu'> <br/><ul id='more_info_tabs' class='idTabs idTabsShort'> <br/> <li><a onclick='dissplay_descript(this);' style='cursor:pointer;'>Details</</code>span><<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'displaysize(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>SIZE & COLOR CHART<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'dissplay_return(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>Shipping<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'measure(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>How to Measure<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/><<code>/ul> <br/><script> <br/> function displaysize(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_descript(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_return(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function measure(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> } <br/></</code>script> <br/><div id=<code>'more_info_sheets'</code> class=<code>'sheets align_justify'</code>> <br/> <br/><div id=<code>"productDescription"</code> class=<code>'displayblock'</code>>Nom de l<code>'article:</div> <br/> <br/><div id='</code>idTabtwo<code>' class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class='</code>SizeKind<code>'> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'>Please choose your favorite color from the palette</p> <br/> <a id='</code>single_3<code>' href='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>'><img src='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>' alt='</code>wedding dress card palette<code>' width='</code>720<code>'></a> <br/> <p style='</code>text-align: left;<code>'><span style='</code>color: rgb(255, 0, 0);<code>'>Notice:</span>Since computer screens have chromatic aberration, especially between CRT screen and LCD screen, we can not guarantee the color of the dress you get will be 100% similar as the color chart. And also different fabrics will show different color degree on the same color. So we can not accept any returned dress for sake of color. Please kindly understand us.</p> <br/> </div> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'> Please choose your size</p> <br/> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in centimeter)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>86</td> <br/> <td>89</td> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>98</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>119</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <td>142</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>66</td> <br/> <td>69</td> <br/> <td>71</td> <br/> <td>74</td> <br/> <br/> <td>76</td> <br/> <td>80</td> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>88</td> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>96</td> <br/> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>107</td> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>97</td> <br/> <td>99</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <td>113</td> <br/> <td>117</td> <br/> <td>122</td> <br/> <td>127</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <br/> <td>140</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <br/> <td>151</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>153</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <br/> <td>155</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/><p> </p> <br/><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in inches)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>47</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>27</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> <td>29</td> <br/> <br/> <td>30</td> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <br/> <td>55</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/> <br/> </div> <br/> <br class='</code>clear<code>'> <br/> </div> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div id="tab_3" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <br/> <h3>Shipping Time</h3> <br/><p>Total Time=Operation Time + Shipping Time</p> <br/><p>Default operation time is 30 business days from the day you place an order. <br/>We will rush your order within 20 business days and 15 business days if you <br/>choose rush service from the operation time option,and you will pay extra <br/>cost for it.Shipping time varies as: UPS , TNT 2-4 business days, Air Mail(Express) 10 <br/>business days, Air Mail(Normal) 20 business days. Please calculate the total <br/>time carefully before you place the order.</p> <br/><p><i>Note: You can also choose Air Mail(Normal) if package weight is under 2kg.</i></p> <br/> <br/><h3>Return Tips</h3> <br/><p>If any returns, please contact our customer support within 24 hours from the time you receive your gown and fill in the Application for Refund in email. Only products in their original condition will be accepted. We do not accept returns on any custom made order. ALL SALES ARE FINAL for custom made dresses. For mis-shipped items, once confirmation got with us, we will be responsible for item exchange and have full refund returned including shipping fee and handling fee. In principle, any emergency order isnot subject to this return policy and will be denied. Also other merchandise, such as veil ect.</p></div> <br/> <br/><div id="idTabMeasure" style="height:510px;" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class="tempnr_box "> <br/> <br/> <div class="images_zuo "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img width="163" height="479" src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/image/wedding_size.jpg"/></a></div> <br/> <br/> <div class="nr_right "> <br/> <p style="color:#b21e36;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold; padding-left:0; ">How to Measure</p> <br/> <ul><li><span class="wzys ">A.Bust:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">B.Waist:</span>Measure Around The Smallest Part Of Your Waistline.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">C.Hips:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Hips.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">D.Length:</span> Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple To Floor,Including The Height Of <b>Wedding Shoes</b>.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">E.Under Bust:</span>Measure Around Under Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">F.Nipple To Nipple:</span> The Measurement Between Your Two Nipples.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">G.Shoulder To NiPPLE:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder To Nipple.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">H.Shoulder TO Waist:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Waist.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">I.Shoulder To Hips:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Hips.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">J.Shoulder To Shoulder:</span>Measure Your Shoulder Width From The Back.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">k.Neck:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Neck.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">L.Biceps:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Arm.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="color:#DD0000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px;text-align:right;border:1px solid #eee; ">Please Measure With Bra and Underwear On.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;text-align:right; ">Remember To Keep The Measuring Tape Comfortably Loose.</li></ul> <br/> <br/> <br class="clear" /> <br/> <div><span style="color:#DD0000; margin-top:10px; ">Notice:</span>1. Please also tell us your "Height with Shoes" on (measured from top head to your wedding shoes'</code> heel).<br> <br/>2. Please remember that wear your Wedding Underwear and your Wedding Shoes.<br> <br/>3.Inches and Centimetersare both available for size, and please tell us if you use inches or centimeters.<br> <br/>4. We suggest you measure yourself by a Professional Tailor. <br> <br/>5. It is very normal to have 3CM measurement error between the sizes you give and the sizes you will receive on your dress. 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