langref.org - java, cpp, csharp, and groovy

All Problems

Strings

Printing

Output a string to the console

Write the string "Hello World!" to STDOUT

java

System.out.println("Hello World!");

System.out.printf("Hello World!\n");

cpp

std::cout << "Hello World" << std::endl;

std::printf("Hello World\n");

Console::WriteLine(L"Hello World");

csharp

System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World!")

groovy

println "Hello World!"

Retrieve a string containing ampersands from the variables in a url

My PHP script first does a query to obtain customer info for a form. The form has first name and last name fields among others. The customer has put entries such as "Ron & Jean" in the first name field in the database. Then the edit form script is called with variables such as

"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron & Jean&lname=Smith".

The script variable for first name $_REQUEST['firstname'] never gets beyond the "Ron" value because of the ampersand in the data.

I have tried various functions like urldecode but all to no avail. I even tried encoding the url before the view screen is painted so that the url looks like "http://myserver/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname="Ronxxnbsp;xxamp;xxnbsp;Jean"&lname=SMITH". (sorry I had to add the xx to replace the ampersand or it didn't display meaningful url contents the browser sees.)

Of course this fails for the same reasons. What is a better approach?

java

Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
params.put("mode", "view");
params.put("fname", "Ron & Jean");
params.put("lname", "Smith");

StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()) {
buffer.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getKey(), "UTF-8"))
.append("=")
.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), "UTF-8"));
}
System.out.println(buffer.toString());

cpp

QUrl url("http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php");
url.addQueryItem("mode", "view");
url.addQueryItem("fname", "Ron & Jean");
url.addQueryItem("lname", "Smith");
QByteArray encodedUrl = url.toEncoded();

groovy

// Given the nature of the question text, I am assuming the question
// is how to produce a application/x-www-form-urlencoded compliant string

def basename = 'http://somedomain.com/somebase/'
def parameter = 'Bart & Lisa'
// equivalent to php
println basename + URLEncoder.encode(parameter)
// recommended approach is to specify encoding
println basename + URLEncoder.encode(parameter, "UTF-8")

string-wrap

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> "

Expected output:
> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over t
> he lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox
> jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The qui
> ck brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
> dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps o
> ver the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

java

public class SolutionXX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
String words = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ";

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
builder.append(words);
}

String toWrap = builder.toString();
int width = 76;
while (toWrap!=null && toWrap.length()>0)
{
String first = toWrap.length() > width ? toWrap.substring(0, width+1) : toWrap;
toWrap = (!toWrap.equals(first)) ? toWrap.substring(width + 1).trim() : null;
System.out.println("> " + first);
}

}
}

cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

void rep(ostream &os, const string& str, int times)
{
while (times--)
os << str;
}

void wrap(ostream &os, const string& str, const string &prefix, int width)
{
for (int offset = 0; offset < str.size(); offset += width)
os << prefix << str.substr(offset, width) << endl;
}

int main()
{
stringstream input;

rep(input, "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ", 10);
wrap(cout, input.str(), "> ", 78);
}

groovy

'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. '.multiply(10).split('(?<=\\G.{76})').each{println '> ' + it}

st = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10
width = 76
while(st){
(first, st) = st.length() > width? [st[0..width], st[(width+1)..-1].trim()] : [st, null]
println "> $first"
}

Declaration

Define a string containing special characters

Define the literal string "\#{'}${"}/"

java

String special = "\\#{'}${\"}/";

cpp

std::string special = "\\#{'}${\"}/";

String^ special = L"\\#{'}${\"}/";

csharp

string verbatim = @"\#{'}${""""}/";
string cStyle = "\\#{'}${\"\"}/";

groovy

special = "\\#{'}\${\"}/"

special = '\\#{\'}${"}/'

special = /\#{'}${'$'}{"}\//

Define a multiline string

Define the string:

"This

Is

A

Multiline

String"

java

String text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString";

String text =
"This\n" +
"Is\n" +
"A\n" +
"Multiline\n" +
"String"

cpp

std::string text =
"This\n"
"Is\n"
"A\n"
"Multiline\n"
"String";

String^ text = L"This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString";

std::string text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString";

csharp

string output = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString";

string output = @"This
Is
A
Multiline
String";

groovy

def text =
"""This
Is
A
Multiline
String"""

def text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString"

Define a string containing variables and expressions

Given variables a=3 and b=4 output "3+4=7"

java

System.out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + (a+b));

System.out.printf("%d+%d=%d\n", a, b, a + b);

cpp

Console::WriteLine(L"{0}+{1}={2}", a, b, a+b);

std::printf("%d+%d=%d\n", a, b, a+b);

std::cout << boost::format("%|1|+%|1|=%|1|") % a % b % (a+b) << std::endl;

csharp

int a = 3;
int b = 4;
Console.WriteLine("{0}+{1}={2}", a,b,a+b);

groovy

println "$a+$b=${a+b}"

printf "%d+%d=%d\n", a, b, a + b

Manipulation

Reverse the characters in a string

Given the string "reverse me", produce the string "em esrever"

java

String reverse = new StringBuffer("reverse me").reverse().toString();

String reverse = new StringBuilder("reverse me").reverse().toString();

String reverse = StringUtils.reverse("reverse me");

cpp

String^ s = "reverse me";
array<Char>^ sa = s->ToCharArray();
Array::Reverse(sa);
String^ sr = gcnew String(sa);

std::string s = "reverse me";
std::reverse(s.begin(), s.end());

std::string s = "reverse me";
std::string sr(s.rbegin(), s.rend());

std::string s = "reverse me";
std::swap_ranges(s.begin(), (s.begin() + s.size() / 2), s.rbegin());

csharp

var str = "reverse me";
Console.WriteLine(new String(str.Reverse().ToArray()));

groovy

reversed = "reverse me".reverse()

Reverse the words in a string

Given the string "This is a end, my only friend!", produce the string "friend! only my end, the is This"

java

List list = new ArrayList();
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(text, " ");
while(st.hasMoreTokens()) {
list.add(0, st.nextToken());
}
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (Iterator iterator = list.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
String word = (String) iterator.next();
sb.append(word);
if (iterator.hasNext()) {
sb.append(" ");
}
}
String reversed = sb.toString();

List<String> ls = Arrays.asList("This is the end, my only friend!".split("\\s"));
Collections.reverse(ls);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(32); for (String s : ls) sb.append(" ").append(s);
String reversed = sb.toString().trim();

String reversed = StringUtils.reverseDelimited("This is the end, my only friend!", ' ');

cpp

array<Char>^ sep = {L' '};
array<String^>^ words =
String(L"This is the end, my only friend!").Split(sep, StringSplitOptions::RemoveEmptyEntries);

Array::Reverse(words); String^ newwords = String::Join(L" ", words);

std::string words = "This is the end, my only friend!"; std::vector<std::string> swv;

boost::split(swv, words, boost::is_any_of(" ")); std::reverse(swv.begin(), swv.end());
std::string newwords = (std::for_each(swv.begin(), swv.end(), StringTAndJ())).value();

csharp

var str = "This is a end, my only friend!";
str = String.Join(" ", str.Split().Reverse().ToArray());
Console.WriteLine(str);

groovy

reversed = "This is the end, my only friend!".split().reverse().join(' ')

reversed = "This is the end, my only friend!".tokenize(' ').reverse().join(' ')

def revdelim(c, s) { StringUtils.reverseDelimited(s, c) }
revwords = this.&revdelim.curry(" " as char)
reversed = revwords("This is the end, my only friend!")

reversed = StringUtils.reverseDelimited("This is the end, my only friend!", " " as char)

Text wrapping

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> ", yielding this result:

> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

java

String prefix = "> "; String input = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";

String[] lines = WordUtils.wrap(StringUtils.repeat(input, 10), 72 - prefix.length()).split("\n");

for (String line : lines) System.out.printf("%s%s\n", prefix, line);

cpp

String^ input = ::copies("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ", 10);
String^ sep = " "; String^ prefix = "> ";

String^ wrapped = textwrap(input, 74 - prefix->Length, sep, prefix);
Console::WriteLine("{0}", wrapped);

void rep(ostream &os, const string& str, int times)
{
while (times--)
os << str;
}

void wrap(ostream &os, const string& str, const string &prefix, int width)
{
int line_len = width;
bool first_word = true;

width -= prefix.size();
BOOST_FOREACH(string word, tokenizer<char_separator<char>>(str, char_separator<char>(" ")))
{
line_len += word.size();
if (line_len++ < width)
os << ' ';
else {
if (first_word)
first_word = false;
else
os << endl;
os << prefix;
line_len = word.size();
}
os << word;
}
os << endl;
}

int main()
{
stringstream input;

rep(input, "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ", 10);
wrap(cout, input.str(), "> ", 72);
}

csharp

using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Linq; // used for Array.ToList() extension

public class TextWrapper {

/// <summary>
/// Wrap the given text to a given width.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="text">The text to be wrapped</param>
/// <param name="width">The maximum width of each line</param>
/// <param name="prefix">Begin each line with this prefix</param>
/// <returns>The wrapped text</returns>
public string Wrap(string text, int width, string prefix) {

var words = text.Split(' ').ToList();
var result = new StringBuilder(prefix);

width = width - prefix.Length;
prefix = "\n" + prefix;

int lineSize = 0;
foreach (var word in words) {
int wordLen = word.Length;

// Do we need to start a new line?
if ((lineSize + wordLen) > width) {
result.Remove(result.Length - 1, 1); // remove trailing space
lineSize = 0;
result.Append( prefix );
}

result.Append(word).Append(' ');
lineSize += wordLen + 1;
}

return result.ToString();
}

public static void Main() {
var prefix = "> ";
var sentence = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ";

var text = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
text += sentence;

// The description said lines of length 78, but
// the example was 72...
Console.WriteLine(new TextWrapper().Wrap(text, 72, prefix));
}
}

groovy

// no built-in fill, define one using brute force approach
def fill(text, width=80, prefix='') {
width = width - prefix.size()
def out = []
List words = text.replaceAll("\n", " ").split(" ")
while (words) {
def line = ''
while (words) {
if (line.size() + words[0].size() + 1 > width) break
if (line) line += ' '
line += words[0]
words = words.tail()
}
out += prefix + line
}
out.join("\n")
}
println fill('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' * 10, 72, '> ')

// no built-in fill, define one using lastIndexOf
def fill(text, width=80, prefix='') {
def out = ''
def remaining = text.replaceAll("\n", " ")
while (remaining) {
def next = prefix + remaining
def found = next.lastIndexOf(' ', width)
if (found == -1) remaining = ''
else {
remaining = next.substring(found + 1)
next = next[0..found]
}
out += next + '\n'
}
out
}
println fill('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' * 10, 72, '> ')

prefix = '> '
input = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. '
wrap(input * 10, 72 - prefix.size()).eachLine{ println prefix + it }

Remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string

Given the string " hello " return the string "hello".

java

String s = " hello "; String trimmed = s.trim();

cpp

String^ s = " hello "; String^ trimmed = s->Trim();

csharp

string str = " hello ";
str = str.Trim();
Console.WriteLine(str);

groovy

assert "hello" == " hello ".trim()

Simple substitution cipher

Take a string and return the ROT13 and ROT47 (Check Wikipedia) version of the string.
For example:
String is: Hello World #123
ROT13 returns: Uryyb Jbeyq #123
ROT47 returns: w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab

java

CharArrayWriter rot13 = new CharArrayWriter() ;
for (char c : i ) {
char lc = Character.toLowerCase(c) ;
rot13.append( c += ( (lc >= 'a' && lc <= 'm') ? 13 : ( (lc >= 'n' && lc <= 'z') ? -13 : 0 ) )) ;
}

CharArrayWriter rot47 = new CharArrayWriter() ;
for (char c : i )
rot47.append( c += ( (c >= '!' && c <= 'O') ? 47 : ( (c >= 'P' && c <= '~') ? -47 : 0 ) )) ;

cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
using namespace std;

int rot13(int c) {
if (!isalpha(c)) {
return c;
} else {
char start = islower(c) ? 'a' : 'A';
return ((c - start) + 13) % 26 + start;
}
}

int rot47(int c) {
if (c < 33 || c > 126) {
return c;
} else {
return ((c - 33) + 47) % 94 + 33;
}
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
string original = argv[i];

string rot13enc = original;
transform(original.begin(), original.end(), rot13enc.begin(), rot13);

string rot47enc = original;
transform(original.begin(), original.end(), rot47enc.begin(), rot47);

cout << "original: " << original << endl
<< "rot 13: " << rot13enc << endl
<< "rot 47: " << rot47enc << endl;
}
return 0;
}

groovy

char rot13(s) {
char c = s
switch(c) {
case 'A'..'M': case 'a'..'m': return c+13
case 'N'..'Z': case 'n'..'z': return c-13
default : return c
}
}
String.metaClass.rot13 = {
delegate.collect(this.&rot13).join()
}

from = '!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~'
to = 'PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO'
String.metaClass.rot47 = {
delegate.collect{ int found = from.indexOf(it); found < 0 ? it : to[found] }.join()
}

assert 'Hello World #123'.rot13() == 'Uryyb Jbeyq #123'
assert 'Hello World #123'.rot47() == 'w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab'

Case

Make a string uppercase

Transform "Space Monkey" into "SPACE MONKEY"

java

String upper = text.toUpperCase();

cpp

String(L"Space Monkey").ToUpper();

std::string s = "Space Monkey";
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), std::toupper);

std::string s = "Space Monkey";
boost::to_upper(s);

csharp

string output = "Space Monkey"

System.Console.WriteLine(output.ToUpper())

groovy

println "Space Monkey".toUpperCase()

Make a string lowercase

Transform "Caps ARE overRated" into "caps are overrated"

java

"Caps ARE overRated".toLowerCase();

cpp

std::string s = "Caps ARE overRated";
std::string sl(boost::to_lower_copy(s));

String(L"Caps ARE overRated").ToLower();

csharp

string str = "Caps ARE overRated";
str = str.ToLower() ;
Console.WriteLine(str);

groovy

println "Caps ARE overRated".toLowerCase()

Capitalise the first letter of each word

Transform "man OF stEEL" into "Man Of Steel"

java

String input = "man OF stEEL";
StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(input);
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
while (tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
String word = tokenizer.nextToken();
sb.append(word.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase());
sb.append(word.substring(1).toLowerCase());
sb.append(' ');
}
String text = sb.toString();

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("man OF stEEL"); String s = sb.toString();
int last = s.length() - 1;

for (int i = 0; i <= last; ++i)
if (Character.isSpaceChar(s.charAt(i)) && i < last) { ++i; sb.setCharAt(i, Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(i))); }
else if (i == 0) sb.setCharAt(i, Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(i)));
else sb.setCharAt(i, Character.toLowerCase(s.charAt(i)));

Matcher m = Pattern.compile("(\\w+)").matcher("man OF stEEL"); StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(32), rsb = new StringBuffer(8);

while (m.find())
{
rsb.replace(0, rsb.length(), m.group().toLowerCase()); rsb.setCharAt(0, Character.toUpperCase(rsb.charAt(0)));
m.appendReplacement(sb, rsb.toString());
}
m.appendTail(sb);

String text = WordUtils.capitalizeFully("man OF stEEL");

cpp

std::string words = "mAn OF stEEL";
std::transform(words.begin(), words.end(), words.begin(), ToCaps<>());

StringBuilder^ sb = gcnew StringBuilder(L"man OF stEEL");

for (int i = 0, isFirst = 1; i < sb->Length; ++i)
{
sb[i] = Char::IsWhiteSpace(sb[i]) ? (isFirst = 1, sb[i]) : isFirst ? (isFirst = 0, Char::ToUpper(sb[i])) : Char::ToLower(sb[i]);
}

std::string words = "mAn OF stEEL";
std::vector<std::string> swv;

boost::split(swv, words, boost::is_any_of(" "));
std::string newwords = (std::for_each(swv.begin(), swv.end(), StringTAndJ(WordToCaps))).value();

csharp

System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("man OF stEEL".ToLowerInvariant());

groovy

def capitalize(s) { s[0].toUpperCase() + s[1..-1].toLowerCase() }
caps = "man OF stEEL".replaceAll(/\w+/) { w -> capitalize(w) }

caps = "man OF stEEL".replaceAll(/\w+/) { w -> StringUtils.capitalize(w.toLowerCase()) }

caps = WordUtils.capitalizeFully("man OF stEEL")

Numbers

Mathematical

Find the distance between two points

java

double distance = Point2D.distance(x1, y1, x2, y2);

Point2D point1 = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);
Point2D point2 = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);
double distance = point1.distance(point2);

double distance = Math.hypot(x2-x1, y2-y1);

cpp

Point p1 = {34, 78}, p2 = {67, -45};
double distance = ::distance(p1, p2);
Console::WriteLine("{0,3:F2}", distance);

csharp

System.Drawing.Point p = new System.Drawing.Point(13, 14),
p1 = new System.Drawing.Point(10, 10);
double distance = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(p1.X - p.X, 2) + Math.Pow(p1.Y - p.Y, 2)));

groovy

distance = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)

distance = sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1)+(y2-y1)*(y2-y1))

Output

Zero pad a number

Given the number 42, pad it to 8 characters like 00000042

java

String formatted = new DecimalFormat("00000000").format(42);

String formatted = String.format("%08d", 42);

cpp

String^ formatted = Convert::ToString(42)->PadLeft(8, '0');

String^ formatted = String::Format("{0,8:D8}", 42);

std::printf("%08d", 42);

std::ostringstream os;
os << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0') << 42 << std::ends;
std::cout << os.str() << std::endl;

std::cout << boost::format("%|08|") % 42 << std::endl;

csharp

string.Format("{0,8:D8}", 42);

groovy

formatted = new DecimalFormat('00000000').format(42)

formatted = 42.toString().padLeft(8, '0')

// to stdout
printf "%08d\n", 42
// to a string
formatted = sprintf("%08d", 42)

formatted = String.format("%08d", 42)

Right Space pad a number

Given the number 1024 right pad it to 6 characters "1024 "

java

private static String spaces(int spaces) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for(int i=0; i<spaces; i++) {
sb.append(' ');
}
return sb.toString();
}

private static String rightPad(int number, int spaces) {
String numberString = String.valueOf(number);
return numberString + spaces(spaces - numberString.length());
}

String text = StringUtils.rightPad(String.valueOf(1024), 6)

String formatted = String.format("%-6d", 1024);

cpp

String^ formatted = Convert::ToString(1024)->PadRight(6);

String^ formatted = String::Format("{0,-6:D}", 1024);

std::printf("%-6d\n", 1024);

std::ostringstream os;
os << std::setw(6) << std::setfill(' ') << std::left << 1024 << std::ends;
std::cout << os.str() << std::endl;

std::cout << boost::format("%|-6|") % 1024 << std::endl;

csharp

public class NumberRightPadding {
public static void Main() {
string withStringDotFormat = string.Format("{0,-6}", 1024);
string withToStringDotPadRight = 1024.ToString().PadRight(6);
}
}

groovy

println 1024.toString().padRight(6)

formatted = sprintf("%-6d", 1024)

Format a decimal number

Format the number 7/8 as a decimal with 2 places: 0.88

java

String formatted = String.format("%3.2f", 7./8.);

cpp

String^ formatted = String::Format("{0,3:F2}", result);

Console::WriteLine("{0,3:F2}", (7. / 8.));

std::printf("%3.2f\n", result);

std::ostringstream os;
os.width(3); os.fill('0'); os.setf(std::ios::fixed|std::ios::showpoint); os.precision(2);
os << result << std::ends;
std::cout << os.str() << std::endl;

std::cout << boost::format("%|3.2f|") % result << std::endl;

csharp

public class FormatDecimal {
public static void Main() {
decimal result = decimal.Round( 7 / 8m, 2);
System.Console.WriteLine(result);
}
}

groovy

def result = 7/8
println result.round(new MathContext(2))

def result = 7/8
printf "%.2g", result

new Double(7/8).round(2)

Left Space pad a number

Given the number 73 left pad it to 10 characters " 73"

java

private static String spaces(int spaces) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for(int i=0; i<spaces; i++) {
sb.append(' ');
}
return sb.toString();
}

private static String leftPad(int number, int spaces) {
String numberString = String.valueOf(number);
return spaces(spaces - numberString.length()) + numberString;
}

String formatted = String.format("%10d", 73);

cpp

String^ formatted = Convert::ToString(73)->PadLeft(10);

String^ formatted = String::Format("{0,10:D}", 73);

std::printf("%10d\n", 73);

std::ostringstream os;
os << std::setw(10) << std::setfill(' ') << 73 << std::ends;
std::cout << os.str() << std::endl;

std::cout << boost::format("%|10|") % 73 << std::endl;

csharp

public class NumberLeftPadding {
public static void Main() {
string withStringDotFormat = string.Format("{0,10}", 73);
string withToStringDotPadLeft = 73.ToString().PadLeft(10);
}
}

groovy

println 73.toString().padLeft(10)

printf "%10d\n", 73

Random

Generate a random integer in a given range

Produce a random integer between 100 and 200 inclusive

java

Random random = new Random();
int randomInt = random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100;

cpp

Random^ rnd = gcnew Random;
int rndInt = rnd->Next(100, 201);

std::srand(std::time(NULL));

unsigned lb = 100, ub = 200;
unsigned rnd = lb + (rand() % ((ub - lb) + 1));

typedef boost::uniform_int<> Distribution;
typedef boost::mt19937 RNG;

Distribution distribution(100, 200);
RNG rng; rng.seed(std::time(NULL));
boost::variate_generator<RNG&, Distribution> generator(rng, distribution);

unsigned rnd = generator();

csharp

System.Random r = new System.Random();
int random = r.Next(100,201);

groovy

random = new Random()
randomInt = random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100

Generate a repeatable random number sequence

Initialise a random number generator with a seed and generate five decimal values. Reset the seed and produce the same values.

java

int[] arr1 = genFillRand(new int[5], new Random(12345), 100, 200);
int[] arr2 = genFillRand(new int[5], new Random(12345), 100, 200);

for (int[] arr : new int[][]{ arr1, arr2 }) { for (int i : arr) System.out.printf("%d ", i); System.out.println(); }

cpp

void printAction(int i) { Console::Write("{0} ", i); }

array<int>^ genFillRand(array<int>^ arr, Random^ rnd, int lb, int ub)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr->Length; ++i) arr[i] = rnd->Next(lb, ub + 1); return arr;
}

int main()
{
array<int>^ arr1 = genFillRand(gcnew array<int>(5), gcnew Random(12345), 100, 200);
array<int>^ arr2 = genFillRand(gcnew array<int>(5), gcnew Random(12345), 100, 200);

Action<int>^ print = gcnew Action<int>(printAction);
Array::ForEach<int>(arr1, print); Console::WriteLine();
Array::ForEach<int>(arr2, print); Console::WriteLine();
}

typedef boost::uniform_int<> Distribution;
typedef boost::mt19937 RNG;

Distribution distribution(100, 200);
RNG rng;
boost::variate_generator<RNG&, Distribution> generator(rng, distribution);

rng.seed(42L);
std::generate_n(std::ostream_iterator<unsigned>(std::cout, " "), 5, generator);

rng.seed(42L);
std::cout << std::endl;
std::generate_n(std::ostream_iterator<unsigned>(std::cout, " "), 5, generator);

csharp

using System;

public class RepeatableRandom {
public static void Main() {
var r = new Random(12); // seed is 12

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(r.Next());

r = new Random(12);

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(r.Next());
}
}

groovy

random = new Random(12345)
orig = (1..5).collect { random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100 }
random = new Random(12345)
repeat = (1..5).collect { random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100 }
assert orig == repeat

Regex

Matching

Check if a string matches a regular expression

Display "ok" if "Hello" matches /[A-Z][a-z]+/

java

if ("Hello".matches("[A-Z][a-z]+")) {
System.out.println("ok");
}

cpp

if ((gcnew Regex("[A-Z][a-z]+"))->IsMatch("Hello")) Console::WriteLine("ok");

if (Regex::IsMatch("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+")) Console::WriteLine("ok");

Regex^ rx = gcnew Regex("[A-Z][a-z]+");
if (rx->IsMatch("Hello")) Console::WriteLine("ok");

cmatch what;
if (regex_match("Hello", what, regex("[A-Z][a-z]+")))
cout << "ok" << endl;

csharp

if (Regex.IsMatch("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+"))
{
Console.WriteLine("ok");
}

groovy

if ("Hello" =~ /[A-Z][a-z]+/) println 'ok'

if ("Hello".find(/[A-Z][a-z]+/)) println 'ok'

// with precompiled regex
def regex = ~/[A-Z][a-z]+/
if ("Hello".find(regex)) println 'ok'

// with precompiled regex
def regex = ~/[A-Z][a-z]+/
if ("Hello".matches(regex)) println 'ok'

if ("Hello".matches("[A-Z][a-z]+")) println 'ok'

Check if a string matches with groups

Display "two" if "one two three" matches /one (.*) three/

java

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("one (.*) three");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher("one two three");
if (matcher.matches()) {
System.out.println(matcher.group(1));
}

cpp

Match^ match = Regex::Match("one two three", "one (.*) three");
if (match->Success) Console::WriteLine("{0}", match->Groups[1]->Captures[0]);

cmatch what;
if (regex_match("one two three", what, regex("one (.*) three")))
cout << what[1] << endl;

csharp

using System;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

public class RegexBackReference {
public static void Main() {
var oneTwoThree = "one two three";
var pattern = "one (.*) three";

Match match = Regex.Match(oneTwoThree, pattern);

// group 0 is the entire match. 1 is the first backreference
Console.WriteLine(match.Groups[1]);
}
}

groovy

matcher = ("one two three" =~ /one (.*) three/)
if (matcher) println matcher[0][1]

match = "one two three".find("one (.*) three") { it[1] }
if (match) println match

Searching

Check if a string contains a match to a regular expression

Display "ok" if "abc 123 @#$" matches /\d+/

java

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("\\d+");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
if (matcher.find()) {
System.out.println("ok");
}

cpp

if (Regex::IsMatch("abc 123 @#$", "\\d+")) Console::WriteLine("ok");

csharp

if(System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.IsMatch("abc 123 @#$",@"\d+")){
Console.WriteLine("ok");
}

groovy

if ('abc 123 @#$' =~ /\d+/) println 'ok'

if ('abc 123 @#$'.find(/\d+/)) println 'ok'

Loop through a string matching a regex and performing an action for each match

Create a list [fish1,cow3,boat4] when matching "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4" with regex /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/

java

List list = new ArrayList();
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
while(matcher.find()) {
list.add(matcher.group(1)+matcher.group(2));
}

cpp

Match^ match = Regex::Match("(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4", "\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)");

while (match->Success)
{
list->Add(match->Groups[1]->Captures[0]->ToString() + match->Groups[2]->Captures[0]->ToString());
match = match->NextMatch();
}

csharp

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

public static class extensions {
public static IList<string> Map(this string me, string pattern, Func<Match, string> action){
IList<string> matches = new List<string>();
foreach (Match match in Regex.Matches(me,pattern)){
matches.Add(action(match));
}
return matches;
}
}

class Test
{
static void Main()
{
IList<string> list = "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4".Map(@"$(\w+)$:(\d+)", (m) => {return m.Groups[1].Value + m.Groups[2].Value;});
}
}

groovy

list = (text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/).collect{ it[1] + it[2] }

list = []
text.eachMatch(/$(\w+)$:(\d+)/){
list << it[1] + it[2]
}

list = []
text.eachMatch(/$(\w+)$:(\d+)/){ m, name, number ->
list << "$name$number"
}

list = (text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/).collect{ all, name, num -> "$name$num" }

list = text.findAll(regex){ _, name, num -> "$name$num" }

list = text.findAll(regex){ it[1] + it[2] }

Replacing

Replace the first regex match in a string with a static string

Transform "Red Green Blue" into "R*d Green Blue" by replacing /e/ with "*"

java

String replaced = "Red Green Blue".replaceFirst("e", "*");

cpp

String^ Replaced = (gcnew Regex("e"))->Replace("Red Green Blue", "*", 1);

groovy

replaced = "Red Green Blue".replaceFirst("e", "*")

Replace all regex matches in a string with a static string

Transform "She sells sea shells" into "She X X shells" by replacing /se\w+/ with "X"

java

String replaced = text.replaceAll("se\\w+", "X");

cpp

String^ Replaced = (gcnew Regex("se\\w+"))->Replace("She sells sea shells", "X");

String^ Replaced = Regex::Replace("She sells sea shells", "se\\w+", "X");

csharp

using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

class SolutionXX
{
static void Main()
{
string text = "She sells sea shells";
string result = Regex.Replace(text, @"se\w+", "X");
}
}

groovy

replaced = text.replaceAll(/se\w+/,"X")

Replace all regex matches in a string with a dynamic string

Transform "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}" into "The kciuQ Brown xoF" by reversing words in braces using the regex /\{(\w+)\}/.

java

Matcher m = Pattern.compile("\\{(\\w+)\\}").matcher("The {Quick} Brown {Fox}");
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(32), rsb = new StringBuffer(8);

while (m.find())
{
rsb.replace(0, rsb.length(), m.group(1)); rsb.reverse(); m.appendReplacement(sb, rsb.toString());
}
m.appendTail(sb);

cpp

String^ Replaced = (gcnew Regex("{(\\w+)}"))->Replace("The {Quick} Brown {Fox}", gcnew MatchEvaluator(&RegRep::RepGroup));

String^ Replaced = Regex::Replace("The {Quick} Brown {Fox}", "{(\\w+)}", gcnew MatchEvaluator(&RegRep::RepGroup));

groovy

replaced = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}".replaceAll(/\{(\w+)\}/, { full, word -> word.reverse() } )

Lists

Declaration

Define an empty list

Assign the variable "list" to a list with no elements

java

List list = Collections.emptyList();

String[] list = {};

cpp

Generic::List<String^>^ list = gcnew Generic::List<String^>();

std::list<std::string> list;

csharp

var list = new List<object>();

groovy

list = []

// if a special kind of list is required
list = new LinkedList() // java style
LinkedList list = [] // statically typed
// using 'as' operator
list = [] as java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList

Define a static list

Define the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five]

java

List<String> numbers = new ArrayList<String>();
Collections.addAll(numbers, "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five");

List numbers = new ArrayList();
numbers.add("One");
numbers.add("Two");
numbers.add("Three");
numbers.add("Four");
numbers.add("Five");

List numbers = Arrays.asList(new String[]{"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"});

String[] numbers = {"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"};

List numbers = new ArrayList(){{put("One"); put("Two"); put("Three"); put("Four"); put("Five"); }};

cpp

array<String^>^ input = {"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"};
Generic::List<String^>^ list = gcnew Generic::List<String^>((Generic::IEnumerable<String^>^) input);

Generic::List<String^>^ list = gcnew Generic::List<String^>();

list->Add("One");
list->Add("Two");
list->Add("Three");
list->Add("Four");
list->Add("Five");

std::string input[] = {"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"};
std::list<std::string> list(input, input + 5);

std::list<std::string> list;

list.push_back("One");
list.push_back("Two");
list.push_back("Three");
list.push_back("Four");
list.push_back("Five");

list<string> lst = { "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five" };

list<string> lst;
lst += "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five";

csharp

IList<string> list = new string[]{"One","Two","Three","Four","Five"};

groovy

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']

// other variations
List<String> numbers1 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
String[] numbers2 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
numbers3 = new LinkedList(['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'])
numbers4 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'] as Stack // Groovy 1.6+

Output

Join the elements of a list, separated by commas

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot] produce "Apple, Banana, Carrot"

java

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (Iterator it = fruit.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
sb.append(it.next());
if (it.hasNext()) {
sb.append(", ");
}
}
String result = sb.toString();

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(fruit.get(0));
for (String item : fruit.subList(1, fruit.size())) sb.append(", ").append(item);
String result = sb.toString();

String result = StringUtils.join(fruit, ", ");

cpp

String^ result = String::Join(L", ", fruit->ToArray());

string fruits[] = {"Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"};
string result = boost::algorithm::join(fruits, ", ");

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
public class JoinEach {
public static void Main() {
var list = new List<string>() {"Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"};
System.Console.WriteLine( string.Join(", ", list.ToArray()) );
}
}

groovy

string = fruit.join(', ')

string = fruit.toString()[1..-2]

Join the elements of a list, in correct english

Create a function join that takes a List and produces a string containing an english language concatenation of the list. It should work with the following examples:
join([Apple, Banana, Carrot]) = "Apple, Banana, and Carrot"
join([One, Two]) = "One and Two"
join([Lonely]) = "Lonely"
join([]) = ""

java

private String join(List elements) {
if (elements == null || elements.size() == 0) {
return "";
} else if (elements.size() == 1) {
return elements.get(0).toString();
} else if (elements.size() == 2) {
return elements.get(0) + " and " + elements.get(1);
}
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (Iterator it = elements.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
String next = (String) it.next();
if (sb.length() > 0) {
if (it.hasNext()) {
sb.append(", ");
} else {
sb.append(", and ");
}
}
sb.append(next);
}
return sb.toString();
}

System.out.println(join(fruit));

cpp

Console::WriteLine(join(fruit));

string join(const vector<string> &s, int b=0)
{
switch (s.size() - b)
{
case 0: return "";
case 1: return s[b];
case 2: return s[b] + (s.size() > 2 ? "," : "") + " and " + s[b+1];
default: return s[b] + ", " + join(s, b+1);
}
}

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

public class CSharpListToEnglishList {
public string JoinAsEnglishList (List<string> words) {
switch (words.Count) {
case 0: return "";
case 1: return words[0];
case 2: return string.Format("{0} and {1}", words.ToArray());
default:
return JoinAsEnglishList( new List<string>() {
string.Join(", ", words.Take(words.Count - 1).ToArray()) + ",",
words.Last()
});
}
}
// Driver...
public static void Main() {
var joiner = new CSharpListToEnglishList();
System.Console.WriteLine(
joiner.JoinAsEnglishList(new List<string>() { "Apple", "Banana", "Carrot", "Orange" }) );
System.Console.WriteLine(
joiner.JoinAsEnglishList(new List<string>() { "Apple", "Banana", "Carrot" }) );
System.Console.WriteLine(
joiner.JoinAsEnglishList(new List<string>() { "One", "Two" }) );
System.Console.WriteLine(
joiner.JoinAsEnglishList(new List<string>() { "Lonely" }) );
System.Console.WriteLine(
joiner.JoinAsEnglishList(new List<string>()) );
}
}

groovy

def join(list) {
if (!list) return ''
switch(list.size()) {
case 1:
return list[0]
case 2:
return list.join(' and ')
default:
return list[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + list[-1]
}
}

ArrayList.metaClass.joinEng = { ->
def closureMap = [0: { -> delegate.join(' and ')}, 1 : {-> delegate.join(' and ')}].withDefault { k -> { -> delegate[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + delegate[-1] } }
if (delegate.size()) closureMap[delegate.size()-1].call()
else ""
}

assert ["a"].joinEng() == "a"
assert ["a", "b"].joinEng() == "a and b"
assert ["a", "b", "c"].joinEng() == "a, b, and c"
assert [].joinEng() == ""

Produce the combinations from two lists

Given two lists, produce the list of tuples formed by taking the combinations from the individual lists. E.g. given the letters ["a", "b", "c"] and the numbers [4, 5], produce the list: [["a", 4], ["b", 4], ["c", 4], ["a", 5], ["b", 5], ["c", 5]]

java

List<String> combinations = new ArrayList<String>();

for (int number : numbers)
for (String letter : letters)
combinations.add(letter + ":" + Integer.toString(number));

SortedSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Integer> > combinations =
new TreeSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Integer> >(new CombinationComparator());

for (int number : numbers)
for (String letter : letters)
combinations.add(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Integer>(letter, Integer.valueOf(number)));

cpp

Specialized::StringCollection^ combinations = gcnew Specialized::StringCollection;

for each(int number in numbers)
for each(String^ letter in letters)
combinations->Add(makeCombo(letter, number));

string letters[] = { "a", "b", "c" };
int numbers[] = { 4, 5 };
list<pair<string,int> > combo;

for (int n = 0; n < sizeof numbers / sizeof *numbers; n++)
for (int l = 0; l < sizeof letters / sizeof *letters; l++)
combo.push_back(make_pair(letters[l], numbers[n]));

cout << combo << endl;

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
public class ListCombiner {
public static void Main() {
var letters = new List<char>() { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
var numbers = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3 };

// result is a list that contaings lists of objects
var result = new List<List<object>>();
foreach (var l in letters) {
foreach (var n in numbers) {
result.Add(new List<object>() { l, n });
}
}
}
}

groovy

letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
numbers = [4, 5]
combos = [letters, numbers].combinations()

From a List Produce a List of Duplicate Entries

Taking a list:
["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

Write the code to produce a list of duplicates in the list:
["bob"]

java

List listOfDuplicates = new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(new String[]{"andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"}));

Set set = new HashSet(listOfDuplicates);
for (Object element : set)
listOfDuplicates.remove(element);

cpp

vector<string> lst = { "andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob" };
vector<string> lst_no_dups;
vector<string> tmp;
vector<string> dups;

sort(lst.begin(), lst.end());
unique_copy(lst.begin(), lst.end(), back_inserter(lst_no_dups));
set_difference(lst.begin(), lst.end(),
lst_no_dups.begin(), lst_no_dups.end(),
back_inserter(tmp));
unique_copy(tmp.begin(), tmp.end(), back_inserter(dups));

cout << dups << endl;

list<string> lst = { "andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob" };
map<string,int> num_identical;
list<string> dups;

for (auto &s: lst)
num_identical[s]++;
for (auto &n: num_identical)
if (n.second > 1)
dups.push_back(n.first);
cout << dups << endl;

csharp

List<String> values = new List<string> {"andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"};

var duplicates = values
.GroupBy(i => i)
.Where(j => j.Count() > 1)
.Select(s => s.Key);
foreach (var duplicate in duplicates)
{
Console.WriteLine(duplicate);
}

groovy

def input = ["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

def output = input.findAll{input.count(it)>1}.unique()

assert output == ["bob"]

Access

Fetch an element of a list by index

Given the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five], fetch the third element ('Three')

java

String result = list.get(2);

cpp

String^ result = list[2];

csharp

string[] items = new string[] { "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five" };
List<string> list = new List<string>(items);
string third = list[2]; // "Three"

// Make sure you import the System.Linq namespace.
// This is not the preferred way of indexing if you are using Lists.
string[] items = new string[] { "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five" };
IEnumerable<string> list = new List<string>(items);
string third = list.ElementAt(2); // Three

groovy

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
result = list[2] // index starts at 0

Fetch the last element of a list

Given the list [Red, Green, Blue], access the last element ('Blue')

java

String result = list.get(list.size() - 1);

cpp

String^ result = list[list->Count - 1];

string last_elem = lst.back();

csharp

string[] items = new string[] { "Red", "Green", "Blue" };
List<string> list = new List<string>(items);
string last = list[list.Count - 1]; // "Blue"

// Make sure you import the System.Linq namespace.
// This is not the preferred way of finding the last element if you are using Lists.
string[] items = new string[] { "Red", "Green", "Blue" };
IEnumerable<string> list = new List<string>(items);
string last = list.Last(); // "Blue"

groovy

list = ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue']
result = list[-1]

Find the common items in two lists

Given two lists, find the common items. E.g. given beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white'] and colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green'], what are the bean varieties that are also color names?

java

List beans = Arrays.asList(new String[]{"broad", "mung", "black", "red", "white"});
List colors = Arrays.asList(new String[]{"black", "red", "blue", "green"});

List common = ListUtils.intersection(beans, colors);

cpp

array<String^>^ inbeans = {"broad", "mung", "black", "red", "white"};
Generic::ICollection<String^>^ beans = makeSET<String^>(gcnew Generic::List<String^>((Generic::IEnumerable<String^>^) inbeans));

array<String^>^ incolors = {"black", "red", "blue", "green"};
Generic::ICollection<String^>^ colors = makeSET<String^>(gcnew Generic::List<String^>((Generic::IEnumerable<String^>^) incolors));

Generic::ICollection<String^>^ result = intersectSET<String^>(beans, colors);

csharp

// Make sure you import the System.Linq namespace.
// This example uses arrays as the underlying implementation, but any IEnumerable type can be used - including List.
IEnumerable<string> beans = new string[] { "beans", "mung", "black", "red", "white" };
IEnumerable<string> colors = new string[] { "black", "red", "blue", "green" };
var intersect = beans.Intersect(colors); // ['red', 'black']

groovy

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']
common = beans.intersect(colors)
assert common == ['black', 'red']

Display the unique items in a list

Display the unique items in a list, e.g. given ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18], display the unique elements, i.e. with duplicates removed.

java

Set<Integer> ages = new TreeSet<Integer>(Arrays.asList(new Integer[]{18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18}));

System.out.println(ages);

cpp

array<int>^ input = {18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18};
Generic::List<int>^ ages = gcnew Generic::List<int>((Generic::IEnumerable<int>^) input);

Generic::ICollection<int>^ result = makeSET<int>(ages);

list<int> input;
input += 18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18;
input.sort();
unique_copy(input.begin(), input.end(), ostream_iterator<int>(cout, "\n"));

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
public class UniqueElements {
public static void Main() {
var list = new List<int>() { 18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18 };
var uniques = list.Distinct();
}
}

groovy

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]
println ages.unique()

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]
unique = ages as Set
println unique

Modification

Remove an element from a list by index

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot], remove the first element to produce the list [Banana, Carrot]

java

list.remove(0);

cpp

fruit->RemoveAt(0);

csharp

class Solution1516
{
static void Main()
{
List<string> fruit = new List<string>() { "Apple", "Banana", "Carrot" };
fruit.RemoveAt(0);
}
}

groovy

// to produce a new list
newlist = list.tail() // for 'Apple' at start
newlist = list - 'Apple' // for 'Apple' anywhere

// mutate original list
list.remove(0)

Remove the last element of a list

java

list.remove(list.size() - 1);

cpp

fruit->RemoveAt(fruit->Count - 1);

csharp

List<string> fruits = new List() { "apple", "banana", "cherry" };
fruits.RemoveAt(fruits.Length - 1);

groovy

list = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
// to produce a new list
newlist = list[0,1]
// to modify original list
list.remove(2)

Rotate a list

Given a list ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"], rotate it by removing the first item and placing it on the end to yield ["orange", "grapes", "bananas", "apple"]

java

list.add(list.remove(0));

Collections.rotate(list, -1);

cpp

fruit->Add(fruit[0]); fruit->RemoveAt(0);

rotate(fruit.begin(), fruit.begin()+1, fruit.end());

csharp

var lst = new LinkedList<String>(new String[] {"apple", "orange", "grapes", "banana"});
lst.AddLast(lst.First());
lst.DeleteFirst();

groovy

first = items.head()
items = items.tail() + first

items = items[1..-1] + items[0]

items = items + items.remove(0)

Manipulation

Gather together corresponding elements from multiple lists

Given several lists, gather together the first element from every list, the second element from every list, and so on for all corresponding index values in the lists. E.g. for these three lists, first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], years = [1955, 1946, 1940] the result should produce 3 actors. The middle actor should be Tommy Lee Jones.

java

String[] first = new String[]{"Bruce", "Tommy Lee", "Bruce"};
String[] last = new String[]{"Willis", "Jones", "Lee"};
String[] years = new String[]{"1955", "1946", "1940"};

List<String[]> list = new ArrayList<String[]>(); list.add(first); list.add(last); list.add(years);

String[] result = zip(",", list);

cpp

array<String^>^ first = {"Bruce", "Tommy Lee", "Bruce"}; array<String^>^ last = {"Willis", "Jones", "Lee"}; array<String^>^ years = {"1955", "1946", "1940"};

array<String^>^ result = zip<String^>(",", first, last, years);

list<string> first = { "Bruce", "Tommy Lee", "Bruce" };
list<string> last = {"Willis", "Jones", "Lee"};
list<int> years = {1955, 1946, 1940};
list<tuple<string,string,int> > actors;

for (firstIt = first.begin(), lastIt = last.begin(), yearIt = years.begin();
firstIt != first.end() && lastIt != last.end() && yearIt != years.end();
++firstIt, ++lastIt, ++yearIt)
actors.push_back(make_tuple(*firstIt, *lastIt, *yearIt));

csharp

String[] first = { "Bruce", "Tommy Lee", "Bruce" };
String[] last = { "Willis", "Jones", "Lee" };
int[] years = { 1955, 1946, 1940 };
var actors = first.Zip(last, (f, l) => Tuple.Create(f, l)).Zip(years, (t, y) => Tuple.Create(t.Item1, t.Item2, y)).ToArray();
Debug.Assert(actors[1].Equals(Tuple.Create("Tommy Lee", "Jones", 1946)));

groovy

first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce']
last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee']
years = [1955, 1946, 1940]
actors = [first, last, years].transpose()
assert actors.size() == 3
assert actors[1] == ['Tommy Lee', 'Jones', 1946]

List Combinations

Given two source lists (or sets), generate a list (or set) of all the pairs derived by combining elements from the individual lists (sets). E.g. given suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S'] and faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A'], generate the deck of 52 cards, confirm the deck size and check it contains an expected card, say 'Ace of Hearts'.

java

SortedSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String> > cards =
new TreeSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String> >(new CardComparator());

for (String suite : suites)
for (String face : faces)
cards.add(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String>(suite, face));

Boolean containsEntry = cards.contains(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String>("h", "A"));

if (containsEntry) System.out.println("Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'");
else System.out.println("'Ace of Hearts' not in deck");

cpp

Specialized::StringCollection^ cards = gcnew Specialized::StringCollection;

for each(String^ suite in suites)
for each(String^ face in faces)
cards->Add(makeCard(suite, face));

Console::WriteLine("Deck has {0} cards", cards.Count);
if (cards->Contains(makeCard("h", "A"))) Console::WriteLine("Deck contains 'Ace of hearts'"); else Console::WriteLine("'Ace of hearts' not in deck");

auto suites = {"h", "d", "c", "s"};
auto faces = {"2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K", "A"};
list<card> cards;

for (auto s: suites)
for (auto f: faces)
cards.push_back(make_pair(s,f));

cout << "Deck has " << cards.size() << " cards." << endl;

card ace_of_harts = make_pair("h", "A");
if (end(cards) != find_if(begin(cards), end(cards),
[&](const card& c) { return c == ace_of_harts; }))
cout << "Deck contain 'Ace of Harts'" << endl;
else
cout << "Deck lacks 'Ace of Harts'" << endl;

csharp

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace Combinations
{
class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Define the given lists
// Since List`1 implements the interface IEnumerable`1, this can easily be redefined as List`1.
IEnumerable<string> suites = new string[] { "H", "D", "C", "S" };
IEnumerable<string> faces = new string[] { "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K", "A" };

// LINQ Query to perform a Cartesian product and create an anonymous type to hold the results.
// "var" is required to define this as an IEnumerable`1
var deck =
from suite in suites // For each suite in suites
from face in faces // Match it with a face in face.
select new
{
Suite = suite,
Face = face
};

// Verify the count (uses LINQ extension)
if (deck.Count() == 52)
{
Console.WriteLine("Count matches!");
}

// Verify that the Ace of Hearts is in the deck (uses LINQ extension)
if (deck.Contains(new {Suite = "H", Face = "A"}))
{
Console.WriteLine("Ace of Hearts found!");
}

// Example of how to iterate through the list.
// "var" here is required since we are using an anonymous type
foreach(var card in deck)
{
Console.WriteLine("Suite: {0} Face: {1}", card.Suite, card.Face);
}

// If you desire to work with a List`1, you can convert this to a normal list at any time:
Console.WriteLine("\nConverting to list!");
var list = deck.ToList();
Console.WriteLine("Suite: {0} Face: {1}", list[5].Suite, list[5].Face);
Console.WriteLine("List count: {0}", list.Count); // 52

Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

groovy

faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']
suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S']
deck = [faces, suites].combinations()
assert deck.size() == 52
assert ['A', 'H'] in deck

Perform an operation on every item of a list

Perform an operation on every item of a list, e.g.
for the list ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"] calculate
the list of sizes of the strings, e.g. [2, 3, 4, 5]

java

public class SolutionXX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] list = {"ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"};
for (String str : list) {
System.out.println(str.length() + " ");
}
}
}

cpp

list<string> words;

words.push_back("ox");
words.push_back("cat");
words.push_back("deer");
words.push_back("whale");

for (list<string>::iterator it = words.begin(); it != words.end(); ++it)
cout << it->size() << ' ';
cout << endl;

auto words = { "ox", "cat", "deer", "whale" };
list<size_t> word_sizes;

transform(begin(words),
end(words),
back_inserter(word_sizes),
[](const string& s) { return s.size(); });

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
public class OperationOnEach {
public static void Main() {
var list = new List<string>() { "ox", "cat", "deer", "whale" };
list.ForEach( System.Console.WriteLine );
}
}

groovy

animals = ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"]
assert animals*.size() == [2, 3, 4, 5]

Split a list of things into numbers and non-numbers

Given a list that might contain e.g. a string, an integer, a float and a date,
split the list into numbers and non-numbers.

java

public class NumbersSolution {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Object> items = Arrays.asList(new Object[] { new Date(), 12L, 15.4, 99, "x" } ) ;
List<Object> numbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
List<Object> nonNumbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
for (Object item : items )
(item instanceof Number ? numbers : nonNumbers).add(item) ;
}
}

public class NumbersSolution {
public static void main() {
List<Object> numbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
List<Object> nonNumbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
for (Object item : new Object[] { new Date(), 12L, 15.4, 99, "x" } )
(item instanceof Number ? numbers : nonNumbers).add(item) ;
}
}

cpp

typedef variant<int,float,string,date> dynamic;

class is_number : public static_visitor<bool>
{
public:
bool operator()(int &) const {
return true;
}
bool operator()(float &) const {
return true;
}
bool operator()(string &) const {
return false;
}
bool operator()(date &) const {
return false;
}
};

int main()
{
list<dynamic> lst;
list<dynamic> numbers;
list<dynamic> non_numbers;

lst += "hello", 3.14f, 42, date(2011,Aug,23);

BOOST_FOREACH(dynamic v, lst)
if (apply_visitor(is_number(), v))
numbers += v;
else
non_numbers += v;

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

#include <boost/any.hpp>
#include <boost/date_time/gregorian/gregorian.hpp>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp>

using namespace boost;
using namespace boost::gregorian;
using namespace std;

int main()
{
list<any> lst;
list<any> numbers;
list<any> non_numbers;

lst.push_back(string("hello"));
lst.push_back(42);
lst.push_back(3.14f);
lst.push_back(date(day_clock::local_day()));

BOOST_FOREACH(const any &a, lst)
try
{
numbers.push_back(any_cast<int>(a));
}
catch (bad_any_cast &e)
{
try
{
numbers.push_back(any_cast<float>(a));
}
catch (bad_any_cast &e)
{
non_numbers.push_back(a);
}
}

// float and int are now in 'numbers' and the rest in 'non_numbers'
}

csharp

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

// AFAIK, there just isn't a good way to do this in C#
public class ListSplitter {
public static bool IsNumeric(object o) {
var d = new Decimal();
return decimal.TryParse(o.ToString(), out d);
}
public static void Main() {
var list = new List<object>() { "foo", DateTime.Now, 1, "bar", 2.4 };

// the Where method does the work...
var numbers = list.Where( el => IsNumeric(el) );
var nonNumbers = list.Where( el => ! IsNumeric(el) );
}

}

groovy

now = new Date()
things = ["hello", 25, 3.14, now]
(numbers, others) = things.split{ it instanceof Number }
assert numbers == [25, 3.14]
assert others == ["hello", now]

Testing

Test if a condition holds for all items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for all items of the list.

cpp

template <typename InputIterator, typename Predicate>
bool match_all(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred)
{
return find_if(first, last, !pred(_1)) == last;
}

groovy

[2,3,4].every{it > 1}

Test if a condition holds for any items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for any items of the list.

cpp

template <typename InputIterator, typename Predicate>
bool match_any(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred)
{
return find_if(first, last, pred) != last;
}

groovy

[2,3,4].any{it > 3}

Maps

Declaration

Define an empty map

java

Map map = new HashMap();

cpp

Hashtable^ hash = gcnew Hashtable;

Generic::Dictionary<String^, String^>^ dict = gcnew Generic::Dictionary<String^, String^>();

std::map<int, std::string> m;

groovy

def map = [:]

Map map = new HashMap();

Define an unmodifiable empty map

java

Map empty = Collections.EMPTY_MAP;

SortedMap empty = MapUtils.EMPTY_SORTED_MAP;

cpp

const std::map<T1,T2> immutable_map_instance_of_type_t1_to_t2;

groovy

empty = Collections.EMPTY_MAP

map = [:].asImmutable()

def empty = MapUtils.EMPTY_SORTED_MAP

def empty = ImmutableMap.of()

Define an initial map

Define the map {circle:1, triangle:3, square:4}

java

Map shapes = new HashMap();
shapes.put("circle", 1);
shapes.put("triangle", 3);
shapes.put("square", 4);

Map shapes = new HashMap() {{ put("circle",1); put("triangle",3); put("square",4); }}

cpp

Hashtable^ shapes = gcnew Hashtable;

shapes->Add("circle", 1);
shapes->Add("triangle", 3);
shapes->Add("square", 4);

Generic::Dictionary<String^, int>^ shapes = gcnew Generic::Dictionary<String^, int>();

shapes->Add("circle", 1);
shapes->Add("triangle", 3);
shapes->Add("square", 4);

map<string, int> shapes;

shapes["circle"] = 1;
shapes["triangle"] = 3;
shapes["square"] = 4;

groovy

shapes = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]

// if you require a specific type of map ...
LinkedHashMap shapes1 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
Properties shapes2 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
TreeMap shapes3 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
shapes4 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4] as ConcurrentHashMap // as variation

Access

Check if a key exists in a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print "ok" if an pet exists for "mary"

java

if (pets.containsKey("mary")) System.out.println("ok");

cpp

if (pets->ContainsKey("mary")) Console::WriteLine("ok");

if (pets.find("mary") != pets.end()){
std::cout << "ok" << std::endl;
}

if (pets.count("mary") > 0)
cout << "ok" << endl;

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
if(pets.containsKey('mary')) println 'ok'

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
if(pets.mary) println 'ok'

Retrieve a value from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print the pet for "joe" ("cat")

java

String pet = pets.get("joe");

cpp

if (pets->ContainsKey("joe")) Console::WriteLine(pets["joe"]);

cout << pets["joe"] << endl;

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
assert pets['joe'] == 'cat'

assert pets.joe == 'cat'

Add an entry to a map

Given an empty pets map, add the mapping from "rob" to "dog"

java

pets.put("rob", "dog");

cpp

pets->Add("rob", "dog");

pets["rob"] = "dog";

groovy

pets['rob'] = 'dog'

pets.rob = 'dog'

pets.put('rob', 'dog')

Remove an entry from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} remove the mapping for "bill" and print "canary"

java

System.out.println(pets.remove("bill"))

cpp

if (pets->ContainsKey("bill"))
{
String^ value = safe_cast<String^>(pets["bill"]); pets->Remove("bill");
Console::WriteLine("{0}", value);
}

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
println pets.remove('bill')

Algorithms

Create a histogram map from a list

Given the list [a,b,a,c,b,b], produce a map {a:2, b:3, c:1} which contains the count of each unique item in the list

java

Map map = new HashMap();
for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
String s = (String) it.next();
if (!map.containsKey(s)) {
map.put(s, new Integer(1));
} else {
map.put(s, new Integer(((Integer)map.get(s)).intValue() + 1));
}
}

LinkedMap histogram = new LinkedMap();

for (Object letter : list)
histogram.put(letter, !histogram.containsKey(letter) ? 1 : MapUtils.getIntValue(histogram, letter) + 1);

cpp

for each(String^ entry in input) hash[entry] = hash->ContainsKey(entry)
? Convert::ToInt32(hash[entry]->ToString()) + 1 : 1;

for each(String^ entry in input) dict[entry] = dict->ContainsKey(entry) ? dict[entry] + 1 : 1;

map<string,int> hist;
for (auto e: { "a","b","a","c","b","b" })
++hist[e];
for (auto e: hist)
cout << e.first << " : " << e.second << endl;

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

// This is a "functional" C# approach

// NOTE: In C# "maps" are of type Dictionary<Tkey, TValue>
// so our histogram map is of type Dictionary<object, int>
public class HistogramMap {
public Dictionary<object, int> FromList(List<object> list) {
// The "Aggregate" method works like "inject" in many other languages.
return list.Aggregate(
new Dictionary<object, int>(),
(map, obj) => {
// If this is the first time we've seen this obj, set the count to 0
if (!map.ContainsKey(obj)) map[obj] = 0;

// Increment the count
map[obj]++;

// Return the map for the next iteration.
// NOTE: This does NOT return from our "FromList" method
return map;
}
);
}

public static void Main() {
// Create our Histogram Map from a new list
var map = new HistogramMap().FromList(
new List<object>() { 'a', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'b' }
);

// This just prints the result
System.Console.WriteLine (
string.Join (", ",
// "Select" works like "map" or "collect" in many other languages
map.Select( kvp =>
string.Format("{0} : {1}", kvp.Key, kvp.Value)
).ToArray()
)
);
}
}

new[] {"a","b","a","c","b","b"}
.GroupBy(s => s)
.Select(s => new { Value = s.Key, Count = s.Count() })
.ToList()
.ForEach(e => Console.WriteLine("{0} : {1} ", e.Value, e.Count));

groovy

histogram = [:]
list.each { item ->
if (!histogram.containsKey(item)) histogram[item] = 0
histogram[item]++
}

histogram = [:]
list.each { histogram[it] = (histogram[it] ?: 0) + 1 }

Categorise a list

Given the list [one, two, three, four, five] produce a map {3:[one, two], 4:[four, five], 5:[three]} which sorts elements into map entries based on their length

java

SortedMap<Integer, List<String> > map = new TreeMap<Integer, List<String> >(); int key; List<String> vlist;

for (String item : list)
{
key = item.length(); vlist = map.containsKey(key) ? map.get(key) : new ArrayList<String>();
vlist.add(item); map.put(key, vlist);
}

MultiValueMap map = new MultiValueMap();
for (Object item : list) map.put(((String) item).length(), item);

cpp

for each(String^ entry in input)
{
key = entry->Length;
if (!hash->ContainsKey(key)) hash[key] = gcnew ArrayList;
safe_cast<ArrayList^>(hash[key])->Add(entry);
}

csharp

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
public class ListCategorizer {
public static void Main() {
var list = new List<string>() { "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" };
var categories = list.GroupBy(el => el.Length)
.ToDictionary( g => g.Key, // key
g => g.ToList() ); // value
}
}

groovy

map = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'].groupBy{ it.size() }

Structure

Conditionals

Perform an action if a condition is true (IF .. THEN)

Given a variable name, if the value is "Bob", display the string "Hello, Bob!". Perform no action if the name is not equal.

java

if (name.equals("Bob")) {
System.out.println("Hello, Bob!");
}

cpp

if (name == "Bob") Console::WriteLine("Hello, {0}!", name);

if (name == "Bob") std::cout << "Hello, " << name << "!" << std::endl;

csharp

if (name == "Bob") Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0}!", name);

groovy

if (name=='Bob')
println "Hello, Bob!"

Perform different actions depending on a boolean condition (IF .. THEN .. ELSE)

Given a variable age, if the value is greater than 42 display "You are old", otherwise display "You are young"

java

if (age > 42) {
System.out.println("You are old");
} else {
System.out.println("You are young");
}

System.out.println("You are " + ((age>42)?"old":"young"));

cpp

if (age > 42) Console::WriteLine("You are old");
else Console::WriteLine("You are young");

Console::WriteLine("You are {0}", (age > 42 ? "old" : "young"));

std::printf("You are %s\n", (age > 42 ? "old" : "young"));

csharp

int age = 41;

if (age > 42)

System.Console.WriteLine("You are old");
else
System.Console.WriteLine("You are young");

groovy

if (age > 42)
println "You are old"
else
println "You are young"

println "You are " + (age > 42 ? "old" : "young")

Perform different actions depending on several boolean conditions (IF .. THEN .. ELSIF .. ELSE)

java

if (age > 84) System.out.println("You are really ancient");
else if (age > 30) System.out.println("You are middle-aged");
else System.out.println("You are young");

cpp

if (age > 84) Console::WriteLine("You are really ancient");
else if (age > 30) Console::WriteLine("You are middle-aged");
else Console::WriteLine("You are young");

Console::WriteLine("You are {0}", (age > 84 ? "really ancient" : age > 30 ? "middle-aged" : "young"));

std::cout << "You are " << (age > 84 ? "really ancient" : age > 30 ? "middle-aged" : "young") << std::endl;

csharp

if (age > 84) Console.WriteLine("You are really ancient");
else if (age > 30) Console.WriteLine("You are middle-aged");
else Console.WriteLine("You are young");

Console.WriteLine("You are {0}", ((age > 84) ? "really ancient" : (age > 30) ? "middle-aged" : "young"));

groovy

if (age > 84)
println "You are really ancient"
else if (age > 30)
println "You are middle-aged"
else
println "You are young"

Replacing a conditional with many branches with a switch/case statement

Many languages support more compact forms of branching than just if ... then ... else such as switch or case or match. Use such a form to add an appropriate placing suffix to the numbers 1..40, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, ..., 11th, 12th, ... 39th, 40th

java

String[] array = new String[40];
for(int n = 1; n <= array.length; n++)
array[n-1] = Integer.toString(n);
for(int n = 0; n < array.length; n++)
{
int y = Integer.parseInt(array[n]);
if(array[n].length() > 1)
y = Integer.parseInt(array[n].substring(1));
switch(y)
{
case 1: {array[n] += "st"; break;}
case 2: {array[n] += "nd"; break;}
case 3: {array[n] += "rd"; break;}
default: array[n] += "th";
}
}

cpp

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int num,i,x;
cout<<"Enter the range:";
cin>>num;
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
x=i%10;
switch(i)
{
case 11:
case 12:
case 13:cout<<i<<"th ";
continue;
}
switch(x)
{
case 1: cout<<i<<"st ";break;
case 2: cout<<i<<"nd ";break;
case 3: cout<<i<<"rd ";break;
default: cout<<i<<"th ";
}
}
getch();
}

csharp

public static string GetOrdinal(int i)
{
if (i > 10 && i < 20) return i.ToString() + "th";
switch (i % 10)
{
case 1:
return i.ToString() + "st";
case 2:
return i.ToString() + "nd";
case 3:
return i.ToString() + "rd";
default:
return i.ToString() + "th";
}
}

public static string GetOrdinal(int i)
{
if (i > 10 && i < 20) return i.ToString() + "th";
switch (i % 10)
{
case 1:
return i.ToString() + "st";
break;
case 2:
return i.ToString() + "nd";
break;
case 3:
return i.ToString() + "rd";
break;
default:
return i.ToString() + "th";
break;
}
}

groovy

def suffix(n) {
switch(n) {
case { n % 100 in 4..20 } : return 'th'
case { n % 10 == 1 } : return 'st'
case { n % 10 == 2 } : return 'nd'
case { n % 10 == 3 } : return 'rd'
default : return 'th'
}
}
(1..40).each { n ->
println "$n${suffix(n)}"
}

Loops

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked before the first action (WHILE .. DO)

Starting with a variable x=1, Print the sequence "1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128," by doubling x and checking that x is less than 150.

java

int x = 1;
while (x < 150) {
System.out.println(x+",");
x*=2;
}

cpp

int x = 1;

while (x < 150) { x *= 2; Console::Write("{0},", x); }
Console::WriteLine();

for (int x = 1; x < 150; x *= 2) { std::cout << x << ","; }
std::cout << std::endl;

csharp

int x = 1;

while (x < 150)
{
x *= 2;
Console.Write("{0},", x);
}

groovy

x = 1
while (x < 150) {
print x + ","
x *= 2
}
println()

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked after the first action (DO .. WHILE)

Simulate rolling a die until you get a six. Produce random numbers, printing them until a six is rolled. An example output might be "4,2,1,2,6"

java

int rnd;
do {
rnd = (int)(Math.random()*6)+1;
System.out.print(rnd);
if (rnd!=6) {
System.out.print(",");
}
} while(rnd!=6);

cpp

Random^ rnd = gcnew Random;

int dice = rnd->Next(1, 7); Console::Write("{0}", dice);
do { Console::Write(",{0}", (dice = rnd->Next(1, 7))); } while (dice != 6);
Console::WriteLine();

csharp

System.Random die = new System.Random();
int roll;

do
{
roll = die.Next(1, 6);
Console.Write(roll);
if (roll < 6) Console.Write(",");
}
while (roll != 6);

groovy

// Groovy has no do..while; use a normal while
int dice = 0
while (dice != 6) {
dice = Math.random() * 6 + 1
print dice
if (dice != 6) print ','
}

Perform an action a fixed number of times (FOR)

Display the string "Hello" five times like "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello"

java

for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
System.out.print("Hello");
}

cpp

for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) Console::Write("Hello");

for(int i = 5; i > 0; --i) Console::Write("Hello");

dotimes(5, hello);

fill_n(ostream_iterator<string>(cout), 5, "Hello");

csharp

string text = "Hello";

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Console.Write(text);
}

groovy

println "Hello" * 5

5.times { print "Hello" }; println()

Perform an action a fixed number of times with a counter

Display the string "10 .. 9 .. 8 .. 7 .. 6 .. 5 .. 4 .. 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. Liftoff!"

java

for(int i=10; i>=1; i--) {
System.out.print(i + " .. ");
}
System.out.print("Liftoff!");

cpp

for(int i = 10; i != 0; --i) Console::Write("{0} .. ", i);
Console::WriteLine("Liftoff!");

csharp

for (int i = 10; i > 0; i--)
{
Console.Write("{0} .. ", i);
}

Console.WriteLine("Liftoff!");

groovy

10.downto(1) { print it + " .. " }
println "Liftoff!"

Files

Reading

Read the contents of a file into a string

java

String text = FileUtils.readFileToString(new File("Solution109.java"), "UTF-8");

RandomAccessFile raf = null; byte[] buffer; String text = null;

try
{
raf = new RandomAccessFile("Solution399.java", "r");
buffer = new byte[(int)raf.length()]; raf.read(buffer);
text = new String(buffer);
}

cpp

IO::FileStream^ file; String^ buffer;

try
{
file = gcnew IO::FileStream("test.txt", IO::FileMode::Open);
buffer = gcnew String((gcnew IO::BinaryReader(file))->ReadChars(file->Length));
}

IO::StreamReader^ stream; String^ buffer;

try
{
stream = gcnew IO::StreamReader("test.txt");
buffer = stream->ReadToEnd();
}

String^ buffer = IO::File::ReadAllText("test.txt");

csharp

string contents = System.IO.File.ReadAllText("filename.txt");

groovy

contents = file.text

Process a file one line at a time

Open the source file to your solution and print each line in the file, prefixed by the line number, like:
1> First line of file
2> Second line of file
3> Third line of file

java

BufferedReader br = null;
try {
br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Solution104.java"));
String line = null;
int lineNumber = 1;
while ((line=br.readLine())!=null) {
System.out.println(lineNumber + "> " + line);
lineNumber++;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} finally {
if (br!=null) {
try {
br.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
// ok
}
}
}

LineNumberReader lnr = null; PrintWriter pw = null; String line;

try
{
lnr = new LineNumberReader(new FileReader("Solution400.java"));
pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
while ((line = lnr.readLine()) != null) pw.printf("%d> %s\n", lnr.getLineNumber(), line);
}

cpp

IO::StreamReader^ stream; String^ ln; int i = 0;

try
{
stream = gcnew IO::StreamReader("test.txt");
while ((ln = stream->ReadLine())) Console::WriteLine("{0}> {1}", ++i, ln);
}

int i = 0;
for each(String^ line in IO::File::ReadAllLines("test.txt")) Console::WriteLine("{0}> {1}", ++i, line);

csharp

int counter = 0;

// If the file is large, you would want to buffer this instead of reading everything at once
foreach (string line in System.IO.File.ReadAllLines("filename.txt"))
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}> {1}", ++counter, line);
}

groovy

int count = 0
file.eachLine { line ->
println "${++count} > $line"
}

file.eachLine { line, count ->
println "${++count} > $line"
}

Writing

Write a string to a file

java

FileWriter fw = null;

try
{
fw = new FileWriter("test.txt");
fw.write("This line overwites file contents!");
}

PrintWriter pw = null;

try
{
pw = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test.txt")));
pw.print("This line overwites file contents!");
}

cpp

IO::StreamWriter^ stream;

try
{
stream = gcnew IO::StreamWriter("test.txt", false);
stream->WriteLine("This line overwites file contents!");
}

csharp

System.IO.File.WriteAllText("filename.txt", "Some text to write to the file");

groovy

file.delete()
file << 'some text'

file.text = 'some text'

Append to a file

java

FileWriter fw = null;

try
{
fw = new FileWriter("test.txt", true);
fw.write("This line appended to file!");
}

PrintWriter pw = null;

try
{
pw = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test.txt", true)));
pw.print("This line appended to file!");
}

cpp

IO::StreamWriter^ stream;

try
{
stream = gcnew IO::StreamWriter("test.txt", true);
stream->WriteLine("This line appended to file!");
}

csharp

System.IO.File.AppendAllText("filename.txt", "Some text to append to the file");

groovy

file << 'some text'

Directories

Process each file in a directory

java

for (File file : (new File("c:\\")).listFiles()) process(file);

cpp

for each(String^ filename in IO::Directory::GetFiles(dirname)) process(filename);

csharp

foreach (string filename in System.IO.Directory.GetFiles(directory)) ProcessFile(filename);

groovy

dir.eachFile{ f -> process(f) }

Process each file in a directory recursively

java

processDirectory(new File("c:\\"));

cpp

void processFile(String^ filename) { Console::WriteLine("{0}", filename); }

void processDirectory(String^ dirname)
{
for each(String^ filename in IO::Directory::GetFiles(dirname)) processFile(filename);
for each(String^ subdirname in IO::Directory::GetDirectories(dirname)) processDirectory(subdirname);
}

int main()
{
processDirectory("c:\\");
}

groovy

dir.eachFileRecurse{ f -> process(f) }

Dates

Parsing

Parse a date and time from a string

Given the string "2008-05-06 13:29", parse it as a date representing 6th March, 2008 1:29:00pm in the local time zone.

java

DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
Date date = df.parse("2008-05-06 13:29");

DateTimeFormatter fmt = DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
DateTime dt = fmt.parseDateTime("2008-05-06 13:29");

cpp

DateTimeOffset^ dateTime = DateTimeOffset::Parse("2008-05-06 13:29");

// Use format specifiers to appropriately format string
// 1. Default culture
Console::WriteLine("{0}", dateTime->ToString("d MMMM, yyyy h:mm:sstt"));

// 2. Nominated culture
Console::WriteLine("{0}", dateTime->ToString("d MMMM, yyyy h:mm:sstt"), Globalization::CultureInfo::CreateSpecificCulture("en-us"));

DateTimeOffset^ dateTime = DateTimeOffset::Parse("2008-05-06 13:29");

// Customize date/time string
Text::StringBuilder^ dsb = gcnew Text::StringBuilder(40);
dsb->Append(dateTime->ToString("%d"))->Append("th ")->Append(dateTime->ToString("MMMM, yyyy h:mm:ss"))->Append(dateTime->ToString("tt")->ToLower());

Console::WriteLine("{0}", dsb);

csharp

DateTime parsedDate = DateTime.Parse("2008-05-06 13:29");
// Ideally, you would catch the potential FormatException or use DateTime.TryParse in production code.

groovy

def date = new SimpleDateFormat("yyy-MM-dd HH:mm").parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

def date = Date.parse("yyy-MM-dd HH:mm", "2008-05-06 13:29")

Printing

Display information about a date

Display the day of month, day of year, month name and day name of the day 8 days from now.

java

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.add(DAY_OF_YEAR, 8);
System.out.println(cal.get(DAY_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println(cal.get(DAY_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("MMMM").format(cal.getTime()));
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("EEEE").format(cal.getTime()));

cpp

QDate dateEightDaysFromNow = QDate::currentDate().addDays(8);

csharp

DateTime date = DateTime.Today.AddDays(8);

Console.WriteLine("Day of month: " + date.Day);
Console.WriteLine("Day of year: " + date.DayOfYear);
Console.WriteLine("Month name: " + date.ToString("MMMM"));
Console.WriteLine("Day name: " + date.ToString("dddd"));

// The two ToString calls will use the current locale.
// To get localised month and day names, see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/8tfzyc64.aspx

groovy

use (TimeCategory) {
eight_days_time = 1.week.from.now + 1.day
}
println eight_days_time[DAY_OF_MONTH]
println eight_days_time.format('d') // alternative to above
println eight_days_time[DAY_OF_YEAR]
println eight_days_time.format('MMMM')
println eight_days_time.format('EEEE')

Display a date in different locales

Display a language/locale friendly version of New Year's Day for 2009 for several languages/locales. E.g. for languages English, French, German, Italian, Dutch the output might be something like:

Thursday, January 1, 2009
jeudi 1 janvier 2009
giovedì 1 gennaio 2009
Donnerstag, 1. Januar 2009
donderdag 1 januari 2009

(Indicate in comments where possible if any language specific or operating system configuration needs to be in place.)

java

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.set(2009, Calendar.JANUARY, 1);
Locale[] locales = { ENGLISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, new Locale("nl") };

for (Locale l : locales) {
System.out.println(getDateInstance(FULL, l).format(cal.getTime()));
}

cpp

QList<QLocale::Language> locales;
locales << QLocale::English
<< QLocale::French
<< QLocale::German
<< QLocale::Italian
<< QLocale::Dutch;

QDate date(2009, 1, 1);
foreach (QLocale::Language ll, locales)
{
QLocale::setDefault(ll);
qDebug() << date.toString(Qt::DefaultLocaleLongDate);
}

csharp

using System.Globalization;

DateTime newYearsDay = new DateTime(2009, 1, 1);
CultureInfo[] locales = {
CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-US"),
CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("fr-FR"),
CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("de-DE"),
CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("it-IT"),
CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("nl-NL")
};

foreach (CultureInfo locale in locales)
{
Console.WriteLine(newYearsDay.ToString("D", locale));
}

groovy

cal = Calendar.instance
cal.set(2009, JANUARY, 1)
[ENGLISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, new Locale('nl')].each { lang ->
println getDateInstance(FULL, lang).format(cal.time)
}

// relies on Java I18N capabilities which supports many locales, see:
// http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/core/basic/intl/
// available Locales may depend on your version of Java and/or
// operating system and/or installed fonts

Creation

Display the current date and time

Create a Date object representing the current date and time. Print it out.
If you can also do this without creating a Date object you can show that too.

java

import java.util.Date;

public class SolutionXX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date now = new Date();
System.out.println(now.toString());
}
}

cpp

QDate now = QDate::currentData();
qDebug() << now.toString();

time_t date = time(0);
cout << ctime(&date);

csharp

// Creating a variable first:
DateTime now = DateTime.Now;
Console.WriteLine(now);

// Without creating a variable:
Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Now);

groovy

println new Date()

OOP

Basics

Define a class

Declare a class named Greeter that takes a string on creation and greets using this string if you call the "greet" method.

java

class Greeter
{
public Greeter(String whom) { this.whom = whom; }
public void greet() { System.out.printf("Hello, %s\n", whom); }
private String whom;
}

public class Solution381 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
(new Greeter("world")).greet();
}
}

cpp

class Greeter
{
public:
Greeter(const std::string& whom);
void greet() const;

private:
std::string whom;
};

int main()
{
Greeter* gp = new Greeter("world");
gp->greet();
delete gp;
}

Greeter::Greeter(const std::string& whom) : whom(whom) {}

void Greeter::greet() const
{
std::cout << "Hello, " << whom << std::endl;
}

public ref class Greeter
{
public:
Greeter(String^ whom);
void greet();

private:
initonly String^ whom;
};

int main()
{
(gcnew Greeter(L"world"))->greet();
}

Greeter::Greeter(String^ whom) : whom(whom) {}

void Greeter::greet()
{
Console::WriteLine(L"Hello, {0}", whom);
}

csharp

using System;

class Greeter
{
private string name {get;set;}

public void Greet(){
Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0}",name);
}

public Greeter(string name){
this.name = name;
}
}

class Test
{
static void Main()
{
new Greeter("Dante").Greet();
}
}

groovy

// version using named parameters
class Greeter {
def whom
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom" }
}
new Greeter(whom:'world').greet()

// version using traditional constructor
class Greeter {
private whom
Greeter(whom) { this.whom = whom }
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom" }
}
new Greeter('world').greet()

Instantiate object with mutable state

Reimplement the Greeter class so that the 'whom' property or data member remains private but is mutable, and is provided with getter and setter methods. Invoke the setter to change the greetee, invoke 'greet', then use the getter in displaying the line, "I have just greeted {whom}.".

For example, if the greetee is changed to 'Tommy' using the setter, the 'greet' method would display:

Hello, Tommy!

The getter would then be used to display the line:

I have just greeted Tommy.

java

class Greeter {
private String whom;

public Greeter(String whom) {
this.whom = whom;
}

public String getWhom() {
return whom;
}

public void setWhom(String whom) {
this.whom = whom;
}

public void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello " + whom + "!");
}
}
Greeter greeter = new Greeter("World");
greeter.greet();
greeter.setWhom("Tommy");
greeter.greet();
System.out.println("I have just greeted " + greeter.getWhom() + ".");

cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Greeter {
string whom_;

public:
Greeter(const string &whom) : whom_(whom) {}

string get_whom() const {
return whom_;
}

void set_whom(const string &whom) {
whom_ = whom;
}

void greet() const {
cout << "Hello " << whom_ << "!" << endl;
}
};

int main()
{
Greeter greeter("world");
greeter.greet();
greeter.set_whom("Tommy");
greeter.greet();
cout << "I have just greeted " + greeter.get_whom() << "." << endl;
}

csharp

class Greeter
{
public string Name {get;set;}

public void Greet(){
Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0}",Name);
}

public Greeter(string name){
this.Name = name;
}

// Driver
public static void Main()
{
var g = new Greeter("Dante");

g.Name = "Tommy";
g.Greet();
Console.Write("I have just greated {0}", g.Name);
}
}

groovy

class Greeter {
def whom
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom!" }
}

greeter = new Greeter(whom:"world"); greeter.greet()

greeter.whom = 'Tommy'; greeter.greet()
println "I have just greeted $greeter.whom"

Inheritance

Implement Inheritance Heirarchy

Implement a Shape abstract class which will form the base of an inheritance hierarchy that models 2D geometric shapes. It will have:

* A non-mutable 'name' property or data member set by derived or descendant classes at construction time
* A 'area' method intended to be overridden by derived or descendant classes ( double precision floating point return value)
* A 'print' method (also for overriding) will display the shape

's name, area, and all shape-specific values



Two derived or descendant classes will be created:

* Circle    -> Constructor requires a '

radius' argument, and a 'circumference

' method to be implemented  

* Rectangle -> Constructor requires '

length' and 'breadth' arguments, and a 'perimeter

' method to be implemented 



Instantiate an object of each class, and invoke each objects '

print' method to show relevant details.

java

/*
* Will work with version 1.4 if you remove the @Override annotation
* and declare floating point numbers using the primitive "double"
*/
abstract class Shape {
protected final String name;
public Shape(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public abstract Double area();
public abstract void print();
}
class Circle extends Shape {
private Double radius;
public Circle(Double radius) {
super("circle");
this.radius = radius;
}
@Override
public Double area() {
return Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
}
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("A " + name + " with radius " + radius
+ ", area " + area() + " and circumference "
+ circumference() + ".");
}
public Double circumference() {
return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
private Double length, breadth;
public Rectangle(Double length, Double breadth) {
super("Rectangle");
this.length = length;
this.breadth = breadth;
}
@Override
public Double area() {
return length * breadth;
}
public Double perimeter() {
return 2 * length + 2 * breadth;
}
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("A " + name + " with length " + length
+ ", breadth " + breadth + ", area " + area()
+ " and perimeter " + perimeter() + ".");
}
}
Circle circle = new Circle(4d);
circle.print();
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(2d, 5.5);
rectangle.print();

cpp

#include <string>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

static const double PI = 3.141592;

class Shape {
protected:
string name_;
public:
Shape(const string& name) : name_(name) { }
virtual double area() const = 0;
virtual void print() const = 0;
};

class Circle : public Shape {
double radius_;
public:
Circle(double radius) : Shape("circle"), radius_(radius) { }
double area() const {
return PI * radius_ * radius_;
}
void print() const {
cout << "A " << name_ << " with radius " << radius_ << ", area "
<< area() << " and circumference " << circumference() << "."
<< endl;
}
double circumference() const {
return 2 * PI * radius_;
}
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {
double length_;
double breadth_;
public:
Rectangle(double length, double breadth) :
Shape("rectangle"), length_(length), breadth_(breadth) { }
double area() const {
return length_ * breadth_;
}
void print() const {
cout << "A " << name_ << " with length " << length_ << ", breadth "
<< breadth_ << ", area " << area() << " and perimeter "
<< perimeter() << "." << endl;
}
double perimeter() const {
return 2 * length_ + 2 * breadth_;
}
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Circle circle(4);
circle.print();
Rectangle rectangle(2, 5.5);
rectangle.print();
}

csharp

// While abstract classes do exist in C#, it is most common to use
// an interface in this type of situation.
// It is a common idiom to prefix interface names with an I
public interface IShape {
string Name { get; }
double Area { get; }
void Print();
}

public class Circle : IShape {

private double Radius { get; set; }
public Circle(double radius) {
Name = "Circle";
Radius = radius;
}

public string Name { get; private set; }
public double Area {
get {
return Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}
}
public double Circumference {
get {
return Math.PI * (Radius + Radius);
}
}

public void Print() {
Console.WriteLine( " Name: {0}\n Area: {1}\n Circumference: {2}\n Radius: {3}",
this.Name,
this.Area,
this.Circumference,
this.Radius
);
}
}

public class Rectangle : IShape {

private double Length { get; set; }
private double Breadth { get; set; }
public Rectangle(double length, double breadth) {
Name = "Rectangle";
Length = length;
Breadth = breadth;
}

public string Name { get; private set; }
public double Area {
get {
return Length * Breadth;
}
}
public double Perimeter {
get {
return (Length * 2) + (Breadth * 2 );
}
}

public void Print() {
Console.WriteLine( " Name: {0}\n Area: {1}\n Perimeter: {2}\n Length: {3}\n Breadth: {4}",
this.Name,
this.Area,
this.Perimeter,
this.Length,
this.Breadth
);
}
}

// Driver
public class InheritanceHeirarchy {
public static void _Main() {
var c = new Circle(2.1);
c.Print();

Console.WriteLine();

var r = new Rectangle(2.2, 3.3);
r.Print();
}
}

groovy

abstract class Shape {
final name
Shape(name) { this.name = name }
abstract area()
abstract print()
}

class Circle extends Shape {
final radius
Circle(radius) {
super('circle')
this.radius = radius
}
def area() { Math.PI * radius * radius }
def circumference() { 2 * Math.PI * radius }
def print() {
println "I am a $name with ->"
printf 'Radius: %.2f\n', radius
printf 'Area: %.2f\n', area()
printf 'Circumference: %.2f\n', circumference()
}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
final length, breadth
def Rectangle(length, breadth) {
super("rectangle")
this.length = length
this.breadth = breadth
}
def area() { length * breadth }
def perimeter() { 2 * length + 2 * breadth }
def print() {
println "I am a $name with ->"
printf 'Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f\n', length, breadth
printf 'Area: %.2f\n', area()
printf 'Perimeter: %.2f\n', perimeter()
}
}

shapes = [new Circle(4.2), new Rectangle(2.7, 3.1), new Rectangle(6.2, 2.6), new Circle(17.3)]
shapes.each { shape -> shape.print() }

Implement and use an Interface

Create a Serializable interface consisting of 'save' and 'restore' methods, each of which:

* Accept a stream or handle or descriptor argument for the source or destination
* Save to destination or restore from source the properties or data members of the implementing class (restrict yourself to the primitive types 'int' and 'string')

Next, create a Person class which has 'name' and 'age' properties or data members and implements this interface. Instantiate a Person object, save it to a serial stream, and instantiate a new Person object by restoring it from the serial stream.

java

// Serialization to a file
class Person implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private String name;
private int age;
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if(obj == this) return true;
if(obj instanceof Person) {
Person p = (Person) obj;
return (p.getName().equals(this.getName())
& p.getAge() == this.getAge());
}
return false;
}
public String toString() {
return "Name: " + name + ", age: " + age;
}
}
Person person = new Person();
person.setName("Gaylord Focker");
person.setAge(21);

try {
File file = new File("ser.obj");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(person);
oos.close();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Person deserializedPerson = (Person) ois.readObject();
ois.close();
System.out.println(deserializedPerson);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

cpp

struct person
{
person(){}
person(const string &name, int age) : name_(name), age_(age) {}

string name_;
int age_;

template<typename Archive>
void serialize(Archive &ar, const unsigned int version) {
ar & name_ & age_;
}
};

int main()
{
const char *fn = "filename.txt";

person k("Ken", 38);
{
ofstream ofs(fn);
archive::text_oarchive oa(ofs);
oa << k;
}

person restored_person;
{
ifstream ifs(fn);
archive::text_iarchive ia(ifs);
ia >> restored_person;
}

cout << "Name : " << restored_person.name_ << endl
<< "Age : " << restored_person.age_ << endl;
}

groovy

// Built-in functionality but with slightly different names. Showing usage:
class Person implements Serializable { String name; int age }
p1 = new Person(name:'John', age:21)
p2 = null
output = new ByteArrayOutputStream() // or FileOutputStream, etc.
output.withObjectOutputStream { oos -> oos << p1 }
input = new ByteArrayInputStream(output.toByteArray())
input.withObjectInputStream(getClass().classLoader){ ois -> p2 = ois.readObject() }
assert p2.name == 'John'
assert p2.age == 21

Networking

HTTP

Check your language appears on the langref.org site

Your language name should appear within the HTML found at the http://langreg.org main page.

java

String url = "http://langref.org/", language = "java", line = null, regexp = ".*" + url + language + ".*";

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader((new URL(url)).openStream()));
while ((line = in.readLine()) != null)
if (line.matches(regexp)) { System.out.printf("Language %s exists @ %s\n", language, url); break; }

in.close();

cpp

HttpWebRequest^ httpReq = safe_cast<HttpWebRequest^>(WebRequest::Create(url)); httpReq->KeepAlive = false;
StreamReader^ httpStream = gcnew StreamReader(httpReq->GetResponse()->GetResponseStream());
String^ htmlPage = httpStream->ReadToEnd(); httpStream->Close();

Console::WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", url, (htmlPage->IndexOf(url + language) > 0 ? "offers" : "does not offer"), language);

groovy

assert new URL('http://langref.org').text.contains('groovy')

SMTP

Send an email

Use library functions, classes or objects to create a short email addressed to your own email address. The subject should be, "Greetings from langref.org", and the user should be prompted for the message body, and whether to cancel or proceed with sending the email.

java

// requires Java Mail API (mail.jar), which must be in classpath
try {
Properties props = System.getProperties();
props.put("mail.smtp.host", "smtp.sampledomain.com");
Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);
Message msg = new MimeMessage(session);
msg.setFrom(new InternetAddress("gaylord.focker@hollywood.com"));
msg.setRecipients(Message.RecipientType.TO, InternetAddress.parse("father@family.com"));
msg.setRecipients(Message.RecipientType.CC, InternetAddress.parse("mother@family.com"));
msg.setSubject("subject");
msg.setText("message body");
msg.setHeader("X-Mailer", "jAVAmAILER");
msg.setSentDate(new Date());
Transport.send(msg);
} catch (AddressException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MessagingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

groovy

// numerous libraries exist, this uses ant
// needs these jars: mailapi.jar, smtp.jar, ant-javamail.jar, ant-nodeps.jar
new AntBuilder().with {
input(message:'Message to send:', addproperty:'body')
input(message:'Send email?', validargs:'y,n,Y,N', addproperty:'confirm')
condition(property:'abort') { matches(string:'${confirm}', pattern:'n|N') }
fail(if:'abort', 'Email send aborted by user')
mail(mailhost:'smtp.gmail.com', mailport:'465', ssl:'on', user:'you@gmail.com',
subject:'Greetings from langref.org', password:'your_password'){
from(address:'you@gmail.com')
to(address:'rob@langref.org')
message('${body}')
}
}

XML

Parsing

Process an XML document

Given the XML Document:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>

Print out the total cost of the items, e.g. $14.50

java

// solution uses JAXP and SAX included in Java API since version >= 1.5
class ShoppingContentHandler extends DefaultHandler {
Double priceSum = 0d;
@Override
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String name,
Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
if(name.equals("item")) {
String quantityString = attributes.getValue(attributes.getIndex("quantity"));
String priceString = attributes.getValue(attributes.getIndex("price"));
Integer quantity = Integer.parseInt(quantityString);
Double price = Double.parseDouble(priceString);
priceSum += (quantity * price);
}
}
public Double getPriceSum() {
return priceSum;
}
}

SAXParserFactory parserFactory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
try {
SAXParser parser = parserFactory.newSAXParser();
XMLReader reader = parser.getXMLReader();
ShoppingContentHandler contentHandler = new ShoppingContentHandler();
reader.setContentHandler(contentHandler);
reader.parse(new InputSource(new FileReader("shopping.xml")));
System.out.printf("$%.2f", contentHandler.getPriceSum());

} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

cpp

char input[] =
"<shopping>"
" <item name=\"bread\" quantity=\"3\" price=\"2.50\"/>"
" <item name=\"milk\" quantity=\"2\" price=\"3.50\"/>"
"</shopping>";

xml_document<> doc;
doc.parse<0>(input);
xml_node<> *shopping = doc.first_node();

float total_price = 0;
for (xml_node<> *item = shopping->first_node(); item != NULL; item = item->next_sibling())
{
float item_sum = 0;
float val;

if (string(item->name()) != "item")
continue;

for (xml_attribute<> *attr = item->first_attribute(); attr != NULL; attr = attr->next_attribute())
{
string name(attr->name());
if (name == "quantity" || name == "price")
{
stringstream v(attr->value());
v >> val;
if (item_sum)
item_sum *= val;
else
item_sum = val;
}
}
total_price += item_sum;
}

cout.setf(ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
cout << "Total price is $" << setprecision(2) << total_price << endl;

csharp

System.Xml.XmlDocument doc = new System.Xml.XmlDocument();
doc.LoadXml(
@"<shopping>
<item name='bread' quantity='3' price='2.50'/>
<item name='milk' quantity='2' price='3.50'/>
</shopping>");

string decimalSeparator= System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.NumberFormat.CurrencyDecimalSeparator;

double sum=0;

foreach(System.Xml.XmlNode nodo in doc.SelectNodes("/shopping/item")){
sum += int.Parse(nodo.Attributes["quantity"].InnerText) * double.Parse(nodo.Attributes["price"].InnerText.Replace(".",decimalSeparator));
}
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.00}",sum);

groovy

printf '$%.2f\n', new XmlSlurper().parseText(xml).item.collect{
it.@quantity.toInteger() * it.@price.toFloat()
}.sum()

Creation

create some XML programmatically

Given the following CSV:

bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50

Produce the equivalent information in XML, e.g.:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50" />
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50" />
</shopping>

java

// In this solution JAXB is used to created the xml output.
// JAXB is included in Java 1.6. Runs with 1.5 if you include JAXB Jars
// in the classpath.
class Item {
// Of course you use getters and setters and declare attributes private.
// In this sample a "dirty" way is chosen to keep LOC low.
@XmlAttribute
String name;
@XmlAttribute
Integer quantity;
@XmlAttribute
Double price;
}

@XmlRootElement
class Shopping {
@XmlElement
Set<Item> items = new HashSet<Item>();
}

String line = null;
Shopping shopping = new Shopping();
try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("shopping.csv"));
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
String[] parts = line.split(",");
Item item = new Item();
item.name = parts[0];
item.quantity = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
item.price = Double.parseDouble(parts[2]);
shopping.items.add(item);

}
JAXB.marshal(shopping, "D:" + File.separatorChar + "shopping.auto.xml");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

cpp

string input("bread,3,2.50\nmilk,2,3.50\n");

tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tokens(input, char_separator<char>(", \n"));
tokenizer<char_separator<char> >::iterator it = tokens.begin();

xml_document<> doc;
xml_node<> *shopping = doc.allocate_node(node_element, "shopping");
doc.append_node(shopping);

while (it != tokens.end()) {
xml_node<> *item = doc.allocate_node(node_element, "item");
shopping->append_node(item);

item->append_attribute(doc.allocate_attribute("name", doc.allocate_string((*it++).c_str())));
item->append_attribute(doc.allocate_attribute("quantity", doc.allocate_string((*it++).c_str())));
item->append_attribute(doc.allocate_attribute("price", doc.allocate_string((*it++).c_str())));
}

cout << doc << endl;

csharp

string cvs ="bread,3,2.50\nmilk,2,3.50";
IList<string> rows = cvs.Split('\n');

System.Text.StringBuilder sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder("<shopping>");
foreach(string row in rows){
IList<string> data = row.Split(',');
sb.AppendFormat("<item name='{0}' quantity='{1}' price='{2}' />",data[0],data[1],data[2]);
}
sb.Append("</shopping>");

groovy

b = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder()
b.shopping {
csv.eachLine { line ->
(n, q, p) = line.split(',')
item(name:n, quantity:q, price:p)
}
}

// Groovy equivalent of Java JAXB solution
@XmlAccessorType(NONE)
class Item {
@XmlAttribute String name
@XmlAttribute Integer quantity
@XmlAttribute Double price
}

@XmlAccessorType(NONE)
@XmlRootElement
class Shopping {
@XmlElement Set<Item> items = []
}

Shopping shopping = new Shopping()
csvtext.eachLine{ line ->
(n, q, p) = line.split(',')
shopping.items << new Item(name:n, quantity:q.toInteger(), price:p.toDouble())
}
JAXB.marshal shopping, System.out

Algorithms

Geometry

Find all Pythagorean triangles with length or height less than or equal to 20

Pythagorean triangles are right angle triangles whose sides comply with the following equation:

a * a + b * b = c * c

where c represents the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the other two sides. Find all such triangles where a, b and c are non-zero integers with a and b less than or equal to 20. Sort your results by the size of the hypotenuse. The expected answer is:

[3, 4, 5]
[6, 8, 10]
[5, 12, 13]
[9, 12, 15]
[8, 15, 17]
[12, 16, 20]
[15, 20, 25]

java

SortedSet<List<Integer>> results = new TreeSet<List<Integer>>(new Comparator<List<Integer>>() {
public int compare(List<Integer> o1, List<Integer> o2) {
return o1.get(2).compareTo(o2.get(2));
}
});
for (int x = 1; x <= 20; x++) {
for (int y = 1; y <= 20; y++) {
double z = Math.hypot(x, y) ;
if ((int) z == z)
results.add(Arrays.asList( new Integer[] { x, y, (int) z }));
}
}

cpp

vector<solution> solutions;

for (int a = 1; a <= 20; ++a)
for (int b = a + 1; b <= 20; ++b)
{
int c_squared = a*a + b*b;
int c = b + 1;
while (c * c < c_squared)
++c;
if (c * c == c_squared)
solutions.push_back(make_tuple(a, b, c));
}

sort(begin(solutions), end(solutions),
[](const solution& s1, const solution& s2) { return get<2>(s1) < get<2>(s2); });

for (const auto &s: solutions)
cout << '[' << get<0>(s) << ", " << get<1>(s) << ", " << get<2>(s) << ']' << endl;

groovy

Set results = []
for (x in 1..20)
for (y in x..20) {
def z = sqrt(x*x + y*y)
if (z.toInteger() == z) results << [x, y, z.toInteger()]
}
println results.sort{it[2]}.join('\n')

Arithmetic

Greatest Common Divisor

Find the largest positive integer that divides two given numbers without a remainder. For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4.

java

static int gcd(int a, int b) {
if (Math.min(a, b) == 0)
return Math.max(a, b);
else
return gcd(Math.min(a, b), Math.abs(a - b));
}

cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

int gcd_recursive(int i, int j) {
if (min(i, j) == 0)
return max(i, j);
else
return gcd_recursive(min(i, j), abs(i - j));
}

int gcd_recursive2(int x, int y) {
if (y == 0)
return x;
else
return gcd_recursive2(y, (x % y));
}

int gcd_iterative(int i, int j) {
while (min(i, j) != 0) {
i = min(i, j);
j = abs(i - j);
}
return max(i, j);
}

int main() {
std::cout << gcd_recursive(8, 12) << std::endl;
std::cout << gcd_recursive2(8, 12) << std::endl;
std::cout << gcd_iterative(8, 12) << std::endl;
return 0;
}

csharp

public static int gcd(int a, int b)
{
if (b == 0)
return a;
else
return gcd(b, a % b);
}

groovy

static def gcd(int i, int j) {
if (Math.min(i,j)==0) return Math.max(i,j)
else return gcd(Math.min(i,j),Math.abs(i-j))
}

Misc

Fun

produces a copy of its own source code

In computing, a quine is a computer program which produces a copy of its own source code as its only output.

java

public class Quine {public static void main(String[] args) {String s = "public class Quine {public static void main(String[] args) {String s = %c%s%c;System.out.printf(s, 34, s, 34);}}";System.out.printf(s, 34, s, 34);}}

public class Quine {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Character cq = (char) 34;
Character cn = (char) 10;
Character cs = (char) 92;
String s = "public class Quine {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n Character cq = (char) 34;\n Character cn = (char) 10;\n Character cs = (char) 92;\n String s = %c%s%c;\n System.out.printf(s, cq, s.replace(cn.toString(), cs.toString() + 'n'), cq);\n }\n}";
System.out.printf(s, cq, s.replace(cn.toString(), cs.toString() + 'n'), cq);
}
}

cpp

#include <cstdio>
#define B(x) x; printf("{ B(" #x ") }\n");
int main()
{ B(printf("#include <cstdio>\n#define B(x) x; printf(\"{ B(\" #x \") }\\n\");\nint main()\n")) }

groovy

s="s=%s;printf s,s.inspect()";printf s,s.inspect()

evaluate s='char q=39;print"evaluate s=$q$s$q"'

s="s=%c%s%c;printf s,34,s,34";printf s,34,s,34

s='s=%c%s%1$c;printf s,39,s';printf s,39,s

printf _='printf _=%c%s%1$c,39,_',39,_

Parallel

Pool of Workers

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (No Shared Data)

java

public class ParallelPermutations {

final AtomicInteger cnt = new AtomicInteger(0);

final List<Set<String>> permutations = new ArrayList<Set<String>>();

public static void main(String[] args) {
new ParallelPermutations(Arrays.asList(args));
}

public ParallelPermutations(List<String> words) {
for (final String word : words) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
cnt.incrementAndGet() ;
Set<String> permutationSet = new HashSet<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.length(); j++)
permutations("", word.substring(i, j),
permutationSet);
permutations.add(permutationSet);
if (cnt.decrementAndGet() == 0)
synchronized (ParallelPermutations.this) {
ParallelPermutations.this.notify();
}
}
private void permutations(String prefix, String word, Set<String> permutations) {
int N = word.length();
if (N == 0)
permutations.add(prefix);
else
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
permutations(
prefix + word.charAt(i),
word.substring(0, i) + word.substring(i + 1, N),
permutations);
}
}).start();
}

synchronized (this) {
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted();
}
}

System.out.println(permutations);
}

}

public class ParallelPermutations {
public static void main(String[] words) throws Exception {
if(words.length==0)
words = new String[] {"ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"};

ParallelPermutations permutations = new ParallelPermutations();
Map<String,Set<String>> wordPermutationSet =
permutations.calculate(words);

for(Map.Entry<String,Set<String>> e : wordPermutationSet.entrySet())
System.out.println(e.getKey()+" > "+e.getValue());

System.out.println(permutations.getNumberOfJobSpawned ()+" job(s) have been spawned");
}

private AtomicInteger jobSpawnedCounter = new AtomicInteger();
private ExecutorService workers ;
private ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Future<PermutationTask>> jobSpawned = newQueue();

public ParallelPermutations () {
int availableProcessors = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
// create a thread pool according to the number of proc.
workers = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(availableProcessors);
}

private void spawn(PermutationTask task) {
Future<PermutationTask> spawned = workers.submit(task);
jobSpawnedCounter.incrementAndGet();
jobSpawned.add(spawned);
}
public int getNumberOfJobSpawned () {
return jobSpawnedCounter.get();
}

public Map<String,Set<String>> calculate (String[] words)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
{
// submit all tasks, they will spawn sub-tasks by themselves
for(String word:words)
spawn(new PermutationTask(word));

Map<String,Set<String>> wordPermutationSet = newMap ();
Future<PermutationTask> spawned;
while( (spawned=jobSpawned.poll()) != null) {
// this will wait until the result is available
// this should also handle the fact that a sub-task is spawn
// and then added in the 'jobSpawned' before its parent is done
PermutationTask task = spawned.get();

String word = task.getWord();
Set<String> founds = task.getPermutationSet();
Set<String> alreadyFounds = wordPermutationSet.get(word);
if(alreadyFounds!=null)
alreadyFounds.addAll(founds);
else
wordPermutationSet.put(word, founds);
}
return wordPermutationSet;
}

private class PermutationTask implements Callable<PermutationTask> {
private final Set<String> permutationSet = new HashSet<String>();
private final String word;
private final int initialPos;
private final Stack<Integer> indicesUsed;
public PermutationTask(String word) {
this(word, 0, new Stack<Integer>());
}

/** sub task entry point */
public PermutationTask(String word,
int initialPos,
Stack<Integer> indicesUsed) {
this.word = word;
this.initialPos = 0;
this.indicesUsed = indicesUsed;
}

/** the word this task is working on*/
public String getWord() {
return word;
}

/** permutations set of this task */
public Set<String> getPermutationSet() {
return permutationSet;
}

/**
* perform the task specific calculation
* @see Callable
*/
public PermutationTask call() throws Exception {
calculatePermutation(initialPos, indicesUsed);
return this;
}

/**
* The algorithm part of the problem. The main interest is the sub-task
* spawning. When Java 7 will be available there would be a better
* alternative with the built-in fork/join framework.
*/
private void calculatePermutation(int currentPos, Stack<Integer> indicesUsed) {
final int maxLetterPerWord = word.length();
if(indicesUsed.size()>=maxLetterPerWord) {
return;
}

final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0, length = word.length(); i < length; i++) {
if(indicesUsed.contains(i) && distinctIndices)
continue;
indicesUsed.push(i);
if(indicesUsed.size()>=MIN_LETTER_PER_WORD) {
builder.setLength(0);
for(Integer index: indicesUsed)
builder.append(word.charAt(index));
permutationSet.add(builder.toString());
}
// spawn a sub task to perform the next pos. calculation
spawn(new PermutationTask(word, currentPos+1, copy(indicesUsed)));
indicesUsed.pop();
}
}
}

/* algorithm parameters : the minimum number of letter per word */
private static int MIN_LETTER_PER_WORD = 1;
/* allow duplicated letters in the word found */
private static boolean distinctIndices = true;

/* factory method */
private static <T> ConcurrentLinkedQueue<T> newQueue () {
return new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<T>();
}
/* factory method */
private static <K,V> Map<K,V> newMap () {
return new HashMap<K,V>();
}
/* factory method */
private static Stack<Integer> copy(Stack<Integer> stack) {
Stack<Integer> copy = new Stack<Integer>();
copy.addAll(stack);
return copy;
}
}

cpp

vector<string> input;
input.push_back("ab");
input.push_back("we");
input.push_back("tfe");
input.push_back("aoj");

// Make the capacity for 'output' the same as 'input'
vector<set<string> > output(input.size());
#pragma omp parallel for
for (int i = 0; i < input.size(); ++i) {
set<string> perms;
generate_perms(input[i], perms);
#pragma omp critical
// Must use operator[]() and not push_back() since this line
// might be called in any order with respect to 'i'
output[i] = perms;
}

cout << output << endl;

groovy

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
def ans = [].asSynchronized()
def words = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]
def threads = []

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

words.each { word ->
def t = Thread.start {
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
ans << wordAns
}
threads << t
}

threads.each{ it.join() }
println ans

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
def ans = [].asSynchronized()
def words = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

withParallelizer {
words.eachParallel { word ->
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
ans << wordAns
}
}

println ans

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (Shared Data)

Take a hard to compute problem and split it up between multiple worker threads. In your solution, try to fully utilize available cores or processors. (I'm looking at you, Python!)

Note: In this question, there should be a need for shared state between worker threads while the problem is being solved.

Example:

-Conway Game of Life-

From Wikipedia:

The universe of the Game of Life is an infinite two-dimensional orthogonal grid of square cells, each of which is in one of two possible states, live or dead. Every cell interacts with its eight neighbors, which are the cells that are directly horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent. At each step in time, the following transitions occur:

1. Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by underpopulation.
2. Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by overcrowding.
3. Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.
4. Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell.

The initial pattern constitutes the seed of the system. The first generation is created by applying the above rules simultaneously to every cell in the seed—births and deaths happen simultaneously, and the discrete moment at which this happens is sometimes called a tick (in other words, each generation is a pure function of the one before). The rules continue to be applied repeatedly to create further generations.

--However, for our purposes, we will assign a size to the game "board": 2^k * 2^k . That is, the board should be easy to subdivide.

Notice that in this problem, at each step or "tick", each thread/process will need to share data with its neighborhood.

java

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Life {
private static final int K = 4;
private static final int ITERATIONS = 10;

private static final boolean ALIVE = true;
private static final boolean DEAD = false;

private static final Board SEED = new Board(new boolean[][] {
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD, ALIVE },
{ DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE },
{ DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, ALIVE },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD } });

public static void main(String[] args) {
Life life = new Life(K, SEED);

System.out.println(life);

for (int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++) {
life.tick();
System.out.println(life);
}
}

private final Board board, oldBoard;

public Life(int k, Board seed) {
int width = 1 << k;
int height = 1 << k;
board = new Board(width, height);
oldBoard = new Board(width, height);

seed.copyTo(board);
}

private void tick() {
board.copyTo(oldBoard);

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());

for (int y = 0; y < board.height; y++)
for (int x = 0; x < board.width; x++)
executor.execute(new Evaluator(x, y));

executor.shutdown();

try {
executor.awaitTermination(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

public Board getBoard() {
return board;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return getBoard().toString();
}

private class Evaluator implements Runnable {
private final int x, y;

Evaluator(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

@Override
public void run() {
boolean state = DEAD;

int neighbors = oldBoard.countNeighbors(x, y);

switch (neighbors) {
case 2:
if (oldBoard.get(x, y) == DEAD)
break;
case 3:
state = ALIVE;
}

board.set(x, y, state);
}
}

public static class Board {
private final boolean[][] data;
private final int width, height;

public Board(boolean[][] data) {
this.data = data;
height = data.length;
width = data[0].length;
}

public Board(int width, int height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
data = new boolean[height][width];
clear();
}

public void clear() {
for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
set(x, y, DEAD);
}

public void copyTo(Board target) {
int yo = (target.height - height) / 2;
int xo = (target.width - width) / 2;

for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
int dx = x + xo;
int dy = y + yo;

if (0 <= dx && dx < target.width && 0 <= dy && dy < target.height)
target.set(dx, dy, get(x, y));
}
}

public void set(int x, int y, boolean state) {
data[y][x] = state;
}

public boolean get(int x, int y) {
return data[y][x];
}

public int countNeighbors(int x, int y) {
int count = 0;

for (int y1 = Math.max(y - 1, 0), y2 = Math.min(y + 1, height - 1); y1 <= y2; y1++)
for (int x1 = Math.max(x - 1, 0), x2 = Math.min(x + 1, width - 1); x1 <= x2; x1++)
if (((y1 != y) || (x1 != x)) && get(x1, y1) == ALIVE)
count++;

return count;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

for (int x = 0; x < width + 2; x++)
sb.append('#');

sb.append('\n');

for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
sb.append('#');

for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
sb.append(get(x, y) == ALIVE ? '*' : ' ');

sb.append("#\n");
}

for (int x = 0; x < width + 2; x++)
sb.append('#');

return sb.toString();
}

public int getWidth() {
return width;
}

public int getHeight() {
return height;
}
}
}

groovy

// some crude assumptions made for size and amount of parallelism
enum State { ALIVE, DEAD }
import static State.*

seed = '''\
* *
** **
** *
*
**
***
**
* \
'''

def computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n) {
// crudely split into 4 chunks but could be smarter if we wanted
int half = n/2
def t1 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, 0, half, 0, half) }
def t2 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, 0, half, half, n) }
def t3 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, half, n, 0, half) }
def t4 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, half, n, half, n) }
[t1, t2, t3, t4].each{ it.join() }
}

def computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, minx, maxx, miny, maxy) {
for (int i = minx; i < maxx; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < maxy; j++)
if (i == 0 || i == n-1 || j == 0 || j == n-1)
outboard[i][j] = DEAD
for (int i = minx; i < maxx; i++) {
for (int j = miny; j < maxy; j++) {
if (i == 0 || i == n-1 || j == 0 || j == n-1)
continue
int count = 0
[[-1, 0, 1], [-1, 0, 1]].combinations().each{ dx, dy ->
if ((dx || dy) && inboard[i+dx][j+dy] == ALIVE) count++
}
switch(count) {
case {count == 3}:
case {inboard[i][j] == ALIVE && count == 2}:
outboard[i][j] = ALIVE; break
default:
outboard[i][j] = DEAD
}
}
}
}

void printBoard(board) {
println '--------'
println board*.collect{ it == DEAD ? ' ' : '*' }*.join().join('\n')
}

void initBoard(seed, board) {
def row = 0
seed.readLines().each { line ->
def col = 0
line.each { ch ->
board[row][col++] = ch == '*' ? ALIVE : DEAD
}
row++
}
}

def N = 8
def NUM_CYCLES = 3
def board1 = new State[N][N]
def board2 = new State[N][N]
initBoard(seed, board1)
NUM_CYCLES.times {
computeNextGen board1, board2, N
printBoard board2
computeNextGen board2, board1, N
printBoard board1
}

Threads

Create a multithreaded "Hello World"

Create a program which outputs the string "Hello World" to the console, multiple times, using separate threads or processes.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says Hello World!
Thread two says Hello World!
Thread four says Hello World!
Thread three says Hello World!

-Notice that the threads can print in any order.

java

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
final int nr = i ;
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread " + new String[] { "one", "two", "three", "four" }[nr] + " says Hello World!");
}
}).start();
}

cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main(){
int pid;
string text[4]={"one","two","three","four"};
for (int i=0;i<4;i++){
pid=fork();
if (pid>0){
//cout << "Process("<<pid<<") - " << "Thread " << text[i] << " says Hello World!" << endl;
cout << "Thread " << text[i] << " says Hello World!" << endl;
exit(0);
}
}
return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

#include <omp.h>

int main() {
unsigned int const num_threads = 4;

std::string const names[] = { "one", "two", "three", "four" };

# pragma omp parallel num_threads(num_threads)
{
unsigned const id = omp_get_thread_num();
// Stream concatenation isn't thread-safe so we use a critical section.
# pragma omp critical
std::cout << "Thread " << names[id] << " says Hello World!" << std::endl;
}
}

groovy

["one","two","three","four"].each { tid ->
Thread.start {
println "Thread $tid says Hello World!"
}
}

import static groovyx.gpars.Parallelizer.*
withParallelizer {
["one","two","three","four"].eachParallel {
println "Thread $it says Hello World!"
}
}

Create read/write lock on a shared resource.

Create multiple threads or processes who are either readers or writers. There should be more readers then writers.

(From Wikipedia):

Multiple readers can read the data in parallel but an exclusive lock is needed while writing the data. When a writer is writing the data, readers will be blocked until the writer is finished writing.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says that the value is 8.
Thread three says that the value is 8.
Thread two is taking the lock.
Thread four tried to read the value, but could not.
Thread five tried to write to the value, but could not.
Thread two is changing the value to 9.
Thread two is releasing the lock.
Thread four says that the value is 9.
...

--Notice that when a needed resource is locked, a thread can set a timer and try again in the future, or wait to be notified that the resource is no longer locked.

java

public class ParallelPermutations {

Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

Integer value = 8;

public static void main(String[] args) {
new ParallelPermutations(Arrays.asList(args));
}

public ParallelPermutations(List<String> words) {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
final Integer cnt = i ;
if ( i % 3 == 0) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
if ( ! lock.tryLock() ) {
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " tried to write the value, but could not.") ;
lock.lock();
}
value = (int) (Math.random() * 10);
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " is changing the value to " + value ) ;
lock.unlock();
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " is releasing the lock.") ;
}
}).start();
} else {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
if ( ! lock.tryLock() ) {
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " tried to read the value, but could not.") ;
lock.lock() ;
}
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " says that the value is " + value + ".") ;
lock.unlock();
}
}).start();
}
}
}
}

cpp

class reader
{
string name_;
public:
reader(const string& name) : name_(name) {}

void operator()() {
for (;;this_thread::sleep(posix_time::milliseconds(1)))
{
shared_lock<shared_mutex> lock(m, try_to_lock);
lock_guard<mutex> cout_lock(io_m);
cout << "Thread " << name_;
if (lock)
cout << " says that the value is " << shared_value << "." << endl;
else
cout << " tried to read the value, but could not." << endl;
}
}
};

class writer
{
string name_;
public:
writer(const string& name) : name_(name) {}
void operator()() {
for (;;this_thread::sleep(posix_time::milliseconds(1)))
{
unique_lock<shared_mutex> lock(m, try_to_lock);
lock_guard<mutex> cout_lock(io_m);
cout << "Thread " << name_;
if (lock)
{
cout << " is taking the lock." << endl;
shared_value = rand() % 10;
cout << "Thread " << name_ << " is changing the value to " << shared_value << endl;
cout << "Thread " << name_ << " is releasing the lock. " << endl;
}
else
cout << " tried to write to the value, but could not." << endl;
}
}
};

int main()
{
thread t1 = thread(reader("one"));
thread t2 = thread(reader("two"));
thread t3 = thread(reader("three"));
thread t4 = thread(writer("four"));
writer("five")();
}

groovy

def lock = new ReentrantLock()
Integer value = 8

20.times { i ->
if (i % 3 == 0) {
Thread.start {
if (!lock.tryLock()) {
println "Thread " + i + " tried to write the value, but could not."
lock.lock()
}
value = (int) (Math.random() * 10)
println "Thread " + i + " is changing the value to " + value
lock.unlock()
println "Thread " + i + " is releasing the lock."
}
} else {
Thread.start {
if (!lock.tryLock()) {
println "Thread " + i + " tried to read the value, but could not."
lock.lock()
}
println "Thread " + i + " says that the value is " + value + "."
lock.unlock()
}
}
}

Separate user interaction and computation.

Allow your program to accept user interaction while conducting a long running computation.

Example:

Hello user! Please input a string to permute: (input thread)
abcdef
Passing on abcdef... (input thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
lol
Passing on lol... (input thread)
Done Work On abcdef! (worker thread)
["abcdef", "abcefd", ... ] (worker thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
EXIT
Quitting, I

'll let my worker thread know... (input thread)

We'

re quitting! Alright! (worker thread)

--Notice, that this could be accomplished on the command line or within a GUI. The point is that computation and user interaction should take place on separate threads of control.

java

public class BackgroundComputation {

final protected Queue<Thread> threads = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Thread>() ;

public BackgroundComputation() {
BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try {
while (true) {
System.out.print("Enter string to permutate: ");
final String word = r.readLine();
if ("EXIT".equals(word) ) {
System.out.println("I'll let my worker thread know... (input thread)") ;
while (! threads.isEmpty())
threads.poll().stop(new ThreadDeath()) ;
break ;
}
Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
Set<String> permutationSet = new HashSet<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.length(); j++)
permutations("", word.substring(i, j), permutationSet);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Received results: " + permutationSet);
System.out.print("Enter string to permutate: ");
} catch (ThreadDeath e) {
System.out.println("We're quitting! Alright!");
}
}

private void permutations(String prefix, String word, Set<String> permutations) {
int N = word.length();
if (N == 0)
permutations.add(prefix);
else
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
permutations(
prefix + word.charAt(i),
word.substring(0, i) + word.substring(i + 1, N),
permutations
);
}
});
t.start();
threads.add(t);
}
} catch (IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IO error trying to read your name!");
System.exit(1);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
new BackgroundComputation() ;
}
}

cpp

class bg_worker
{
mutex bg_mutex_;
condition_variable work_present_;
deque<string> work_queue_;

result calc_perm(string s) {
result perms = result(new list<string>());

// sleep to simulate lots of work...
this_thread::sleep(posix_time::seconds(3));
sort(s.begin(), s.end());
do {
perms->push_back(s);
} while (next_permutation(s.begin(), s.end()));
return perms;
}

public:
void submit_work(const string &s) {
lock_guard<mutex> lock(bg_mutex_);
work_queue_.push_back(s);
work_present_.notify_one();
}

void operator()() {
for (;;) {
unique_lock<mutex> lock(bg_mutex_);
while (work_queue_.empty())
work_present_.wait(lock);
string s = work_queue_.front();
work_queue_.pop_front();
lock.unlock();

if (s == "EXIT") {
lock_guard<mutex> cout_lock(cout_mutex);
cout << "We're quitting! Alright!" << endl;
break;
}

result perm = calc_perm(s);
lock_guard<mutex> cout_lock(cout_mutex);
cout << "Done Work On " << s << "!" << endl;
cout << perm << endl;
}
}
};

int main()
{
bg_worker worker;
thread bg_thr(boost::ref(worker));
bool done = false;

{
lock_guard<mutex> cout_lock(cout_mutex);
cout << "Hello user! Please input a string to permute:" << endl;
}

while (!done)
{
string input;
cin >> input;
{
lock_guard<mutex> cout_lock(cout_mutex);
if (input == "EXIT") {
cout << "Quitting, I'll let my worker thread know..." << endl;
done = true;
} else {
cout << "Passing on " << input << "..." << endl;
cout << "Please input another string to permute:" << endl;
}
}
worker.submit_work(input);
}

bg_thr.join();
}

groovy

def threads = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Thread>()

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

println 'Welcome to the parallel permuter'
System.in.withReader { r ->
while (true) {
print 'Enter word:'
def word = r.readLine()
if (word == 'EXIT') {
while (!threads.isEmpty())
threads.poll().stop(new ThreadDeath())
break
} else
threads << Thread.start {
try {
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
println '\nAnswer:' + wordAns
print 'Enter word:'
} catch (ThreadDeath td) {
println 'Thread aborted!'
}
}
}
}

i18n

i18n-helloworld

Put a internationalizate of HelloWorld program

Set locale to "es" (spanish) and provide a program that changes outputs ("Helloworld") depending of locale.

In pseudocode:

Void main ()

{



Locale.set("es")



print.translate("Helloworld, Locale.get)



}

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href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=456" target="_blank "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/images/weddingdress/sxw0018.jpg" alt="Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes" title=" Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes " width="240" height="329" /></a><br /><span class="imgLink ">Agrandir l'</code>image<<code>/span></</code>a><<code>/noscript> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <div id=<code>"productAdditionalImages "</code>> <br/> <div id=<code>"dfse "</code>><<code>/div> <br/> <div class="centerBoxContent "> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class="additionalImages centeredContent back" style="width:100%; "><br/> <br/> <noscript><a href="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html<code>" target="</code>_blank <code>"> <a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>images<code>/weddingdress/</code>sxw0018_01.jpg<code>" alt="</code>Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes<code>" title="</code> Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes <code>" width="</code>130<code>" height="</code>174<code>" style="</code>position:relative<code>" onmouseover="</code>showtrail(<code>'images/weddingdress//sxw0018_01.jpg'</code>,<code>'Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes'</code>,130,173,243,325,this,0,0,130,173);<code>" onmouseout="</code>hidetrail();<code>" /></a><br /><span class="</code>imgLinkAdditional <code>">Agrandir l'image</span></a></noscript></div><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/></div></div> <br/> <br/></div> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>width:348px;float:right;<code>" id='pb-left-column'> <br/> <br/><span id="</code>productPrices<code>" class="</code>productGeneral <code>"> <br/>Price: <br/><span class="</code>normalprice <code>">$218.77 </span> <span class="</code>productSpecialPrice <code>">$175.01</span><span class="</code>productPriceDiscount <code>"><br />Economie : 20%</span></span> <br/><div class="</code>model_number<code>" style="</code>height:14px;padding-top:7px <code>"><h4 style="</code>float: left;color:black; <code>"><label class="</code>class <code>">Modèle : </label></h4><div style="</code>float: left;margin-top:5px;margin-left:6px; <code>"><span style="</code>font-size:12px;height:20px;color:black; <code>">Mall3411</span></div><br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><div id="</code>productAttributes <code>"> <br/><h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 1 - Choose Options:</h1> <br/> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Colors</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[8]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-8 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>46 <code>">1</option><br/> <option value="</code>52 <code>">10</option><br/> <option value="</code>53 <code>">12</option><br/> <option value="</code>54 <code>">16</option><br/> <option value="</code>55 <code>">17</option><br/> <option value="</code>56 <code>">18</option><br/> <option value="</code>47 <code>">2</option><br/> <option value="</code>57 <code>">20</option><br/> <option value="</code>58 <code>">21</option><br/> <option value="</code>59 <code>">23</option><br/> <option value="</code>60 <code>">26</option><br/> <option value="</code>61 <code>">27</option><br/> <option value="</code>62 <code>">28</option><br/> <option value="</code>63 <code>">29</option><br/> <option value="</code>64 <code>">30</option><br/> <option value="</code>65 <code>">31</option><br/> <option value="</code>66 <code>">33</option><br/> <option value="</code>67 <code>">35</option><br/> <option value="</code>68 <code>">36</option><br/> <option value="</code>69 <code>">37</option><br/> <option value="</code>48 <code>">4</option><br/> <option value="</code>70 <code>">41</option><br/> <option value="</code>71 <code>">43</option><br/> <option value="</code>72 <code>">44</option><br/> <option value="</code>73 <code>">47</option><br/> <option value="</code>74 <code>">48</option><br/> <option value="</code>75 <code>">49</option><br/> <option value="</code>49 <code>">5</option><br/> <option value="</code>76 <code>">51</option><br/> <option value="</code>77 <code>">54</option><br/> <option value="</code>78 <code>">56</option><br/> <option value="</code>79 <code>">60</option><br/> <option value="</code>80 <code>">61</option><br/> <option value="</code>81 <code>">66</option><br/> <option value="</code>82 <code>">67</option><br/> <option value="</code>83 <code>">69</option><br/> <option value="</code>84 <code>">73</option><br/> <option value="</code>85 <code>">77</option><br/> <option value="</code>86 <code>">78</option><br/> <option value="</code>87 <code>">79</option><br/> <option value="</code>50 <code>">8</option><br/> <option value="</code>51 <code>">9</option><br/> <option value="</code>27 <code>">Ivory</option><br/> <option value="</code>26 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>28 <code>">White</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Sizes</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[9]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-9 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>29 <code>">US 10 / UK 12 / EUR 40</option><br/> <option value="</code>30 <code>">US 12 / UK 14 /EUR 42</option><br/> <option value="</code>31 <code>">US 14 / UK 16 /EUR 44</option><br/> <option value="</code>32 <code>">US 16 / UK 18 /EUR 46</option><br/> <option value="</code>33 <code>">US 18 / UK 20 /EUR 48</option><br/> <option value="</code>34 <code>">US 2 / UK 4 /EUR 32</option><br/> <option value="</code>35 <code>">US 20 / UK 22 /EUR 50</option><br/> <option value="</code>36 <code>">US 22 / UK 24 /EUR 52</option><br/> <option value="</code>37 <code>">US 24 / UK 26 /EUR 54</option><br/> <option value="</code>38 <code>">US 26 / UK 28 /EUR 56</option><br/> <option value="</code>39 <code>">US 28 / UK 30 /EUR 58</option><br/> <option value="</code>40 <code>">US 4 / UK 6 /EUR 34</option><br/> <option value="</code>41 <code>">US 6 / UK 8 /EUR 36</option><br/> <option value="</code>42 <code>">US 8 / UK 10 /EUR 38</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Back style</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[10]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-10 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>44 <code>">Lace Up</option><br/> <option value="</code>43 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>45 <code>">Zip Up</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>padding-bottom:5px; <code>"><a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/size.html" style="color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline; color:#FF0000;" target="_blank ">Size Chart</</code>a> | <a href=<code>"http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/color.html"</code> style=<code>"color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;color:#FF0000;"</code> target=<code>"_blank "</code>>Color Chart<<code>/a></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/><div id='quantity_cart'> <br/><h1>Step 2 - Choose Quantity:</</code>h1> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class=<code>"wrapperAttribsOptions"</code> style=<code>"height:14px;padding-top:7px "</code>><h4 style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><label class=<code>"attribsInput "</code>>Quantity :<<code>/label></</code>h4><div style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><input type=<code>"text"</code> class=<code>"text"</code> id=<code>"quantity_wanted"</code> name=<code>"cart_quantity"</code> value=<code>"1"</code> maxlength=<code>"6"</code> size=<code>"4"</code> <code>/></</code>div><<code>/div> <br/> <br class="clearBoth "> <br/> <h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 3 - Add to cart:</</code>h1> <br/> <p id=<code>'add_to_cart'</code> class=<code>'buttons_bottom_block'</code>> <br/> <input type=<code>"hidden"</code> name=<code>"products_id"</code> value=<code>"456"</code> <code>/><input type="image" src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>includes<code>/templates/</code>weddingdress-7<code>/buttons/</code>french<code>/button_in_cart.gif" alt="ajouter au panier" title=" ajouter au panier " /</code>> <<code>/p> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/><div> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_onlinechat'</code>> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_ssl'</code>> <br/> <a target=<code>'_blank'</code> href=<code>'msnim:chat?contact=myonlineservice@msn.com'</code> style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><img src=<code>'http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/banner/msn.jpg'</code>><<code>/a> <br/> <a target='_blank' href='callto:/meganfox59'><img border=0 align='absmiddle' src='http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>banner<code>/skype.jpg' style="float:left; "></</code>a> <br/> <<code>/div> <br/> </</code>div> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><br class=<code>"clearBoth"</code> <code>/> <br/><div id='descript_menu'> <br/><ul id='more_info_tabs' class='idTabs idTabsShort'> <br/> <li><a onclick='dissplay_descript(this);' style='cursor:pointer;'>Details</</code>span><<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'displaysize(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>SIZE & COLOR CHART<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'dissplay_return(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>Shipping<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'measure(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>How to Measure<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/><<code>/ul> <br/><script> <br/> function displaysize(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_descript(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_return(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function measure(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> } <br/></</code>script> <br/><div id=<code>'more_info_sheets'</code> class=<code>'sheets align_justify'</code>> <br/> <br/><div id=<code>"productDescription"</code> class=<code>'displayblock'</code>>Nom de l<code>'article:</div> <br/> <br/><div id='</code>idTabtwo<code>' class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class='</code>SizeKind<code>'> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'>Please choose your favorite color from the palette</p> <br/> <a id='</code>single_3<code>' href='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>'><img src='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>' alt='</code>wedding dress card palette<code>' width='</code>720<code>'></a> <br/> <p style='</code>text-align: left;<code>'><span style='</code>color: rgb(255, 0, 0);<code>'>Notice:</span>Since computer screens have chromatic aberration, especially between CRT screen and LCD screen, we can not guarantee the color of the dress you get will be 100% similar as the color chart. And also different fabrics will show different color degree on the same color. So we can not accept any returned dress for sake of color. Please kindly understand us.</p> <br/> </div> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'> Please choose your size</p> <br/> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in centimeter)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>86</td> <br/> <td>89</td> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>98</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>119</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <td>142</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>66</td> <br/> <td>69</td> <br/> <td>71</td> <br/> <td>74</td> <br/> <br/> <td>76</td> <br/> <td>80</td> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>88</td> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>96</td> <br/> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>107</td> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>97</td> <br/> <td>99</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <td>113</td> <br/> <td>117</td> <br/> <td>122</td> <br/> <td>127</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <br/> <td>140</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <br/> <td>151</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>153</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <br/> <td>155</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/><p> </p> <br/><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in inches)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>47</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>27</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> <td>29</td> <br/> <br/> <td>30</td> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <br/> <td>55</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/> <br/> </div> <br/> <br class='</code>clear<code>'> <br/> </div> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div id="tab_3" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <br/> <h3>Shipping Time</h3> <br/><p>Total Time=Operation Time + Shipping Time</p> <br/><p>Default operation time is 30 business days from the day you place an order. <br/>We will rush your order within 20 business days and 15 business days if you <br/>choose rush service from the operation time option,and you will pay extra <br/>cost for it.Shipping time varies as: UPS , TNT 2-4 business days, Air Mail(Express) 10 <br/>business days, Air Mail(Normal) 20 business days. Please calculate the total <br/>time carefully before you place the order.</p> <br/><p><i>Note: You can also choose Air Mail(Normal) if package weight is under 2kg.</i></p> <br/> <br/><h3>Return Tips</h3> <br/><p>If any returns, please contact our customer support within 24 hours from the time you receive your gown and fill in the Application for Refund in email. Only products in their original condition will be accepted. We do not accept returns on any custom made order. ALL SALES ARE FINAL for custom made dresses. For mis-shipped items, once confirmation got with us, we will be responsible for item exchange and have full refund returned including shipping fee and handling fee. In principle, any emergency order isnot subject to this return policy and will be denied. Also other merchandise, such as veil ect.</p></div> <br/> <br/><div id="idTabMeasure" style="height:510px;" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class="tempnr_box "> <br/> <br/> <div class="images_zuo "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img width="163" height="479" src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/image/wedding_size.jpg"/></a></div> <br/> <br/> <div class="nr_right "> <br/> <p style="color:#b21e36;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold; padding-left:0; ">How to Measure</p> <br/> <ul><li><span class="wzys ">A.Bust:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">B.Waist:</span>Measure Around The Smallest Part Of Your Waistline.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">C.Hips:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Hips.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">D.Length:</span> Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple To Floor,Including The Height Of <b>Wedding Shoes</b>.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">E.Under Bust:</span>Measure Around Under Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">F.Nipple To Nipple:</span> The Measurement Between Your Two Nipples.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">G.Shoulder To NiPPLE:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder To Nipple.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">H.Shoulder TO Waist:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Waist.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">I.Shoulder To Hips:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Hips.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">J.Shoulder To Shoulder:</span>Measure Your Shoulder Width From The Back.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">k.Neck:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Neck.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">L.Biceps:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Arm.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="color:#DD0000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px;text-align:right;border:1px solid #eee; ">Please Measure With Bra and Underwear On.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;text-align:right; ">Remember To Keep The Measuring Tape Comfortably Loose.</li></ul> <br/> <br/> <br class="clear" /> <br/> <div><span style="color:#DD0000; margin-top:10px; ">Notice:</span>1. Please also tell us your "Height with Shoes" on (measured from top head to your wedding shoes'</code> heel).<br> <br/>2. Please remember that wear your Wedding Underwear and your Wedding Shoes.<br> <br/>3.Inches and Centimetersare both available for size, and please tell us if you use inches or centimeters.<br> <br/>4. We suggest you measure yourself by a Professional Tailor. <br> <br/>5. It is very normal to have 3CM measurement error between the sizes you give and the sizes you will receive on your dress. 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