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All Problems

Strings

Printing

Output a string to the console

Write the string "Hello World!" to STDOUT

python

print "Hello World!"

clojure

(println "Hello World!")

erlang

io:format("Hello, World!~n").

fantom

echo("Hello World!")

fsharp

printfn "Hello World!"

Retrieve a string containing ampersands from the variables in a url

My PHP script first does a query to obtain customer info for a form. The form has first name and last name fields among others. The customer has put entries such as "Ron & Jean" in the first name field in the database. Then the edit form script is called with variables such as

"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron & Jean&lname=Smith".

The script variable for first name $_REQUEST['firstname'] never gets beyond the "Ron" value because of the ampersand in the data.

I have tried various functions like urldecode but all to no avail. I even tried encoding the url before the view screen is painted so that the url looks like "http://myserver/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname="Ronxxnbsp;xxamp;xxnbsp;Jean"&lname=SMITH". (sorry I had to add the xx to replace the ampersand or it didn't display meaningful url contents the browser sees.)

Of course this fails for the same reasons. What is a better approach?

python

# I'm not really sure this is what the site is for,
# but the one unsolved problem for python was grating me.
# Anyway, I think this is what you're looking for.

from urllib import urlencode

query_dict = {'mode': 'view',
'fname': 'Ron & Jean',
'lname': 'Smith'}

print urlencode(query_dict.items())

# Which will be 'lname=Smith&mode=view&fname=Ron+%26+Jean'.

clojure

(->> {"mode" "view"
"fname" "Ron & Jean"
"lname" "Smith"}
(map #(str (URLEncoder/encode (first %) "UTF-8")
"="
(URLEncoder/encode (second %) "UTF-8")))
(reduce (fn [url e] (str url "&" e))
"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php"))

erlang

% encode ampersand in your string using %XX where XX is hex code for ampersand
% optionally encode spaces for completeness sake to keep URL solid
URL = "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron%20%26%20Jean&lname=Smith",
{_, Query} = string:tokens(URL, "?"),
KeyValuePairs = string:tokens(Query, "&"),...

fantom

encoded := `http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php`.plusQuery(
["fname":"Ron & Jean", "lname":"Smith"]).encode
echo(encoded)

fsharp

//the problem arises due to the fact that you've attempted to apply HTML entities encoding rather than URL encoding to your data!
//in F#, for example, assuming you would call this function with fname and lname parameters, this would produce the desired output
let getProperUrl fname lname = sprintf "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=%s&lname=%s" (HttpUtility.UrlEncode fname) (HttpUtility.UrlEncode lname)

// Example that shows encoding and decoding:
let queryString =
let fname = HttpUtility.UrlEncode("Ron & James")
let lname = HttpUtility.UrlEncode("Smith & Jones")
sprintf "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=%s&lname=%s" fname lname
/// All parameters in the URL as a lookup map
let parameters =
let paramStart = queryString.IndexOf('?')
if paramStart < 0 then
Map.empty
else
let values =
queryString.Substring(paramStart + 1)
|> HttpUtility.ParseQueryString
values.AllKeys
|> Seq.map (fun key -> key, values.[key])
|> Map.ofSeq
let fname = parameters.TryFind("fname")
let lname = parameters.TryFind("lname")

string-wrap

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> "

Expected output:
> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over t
> he lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox
> jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The qui
> ck brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
> dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps o
> ver the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

python

def wrap(string, length):

while len(string):
print("> " + string[0:length - 1])
string = string[length - 1:].strip()

wrap("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10, 78)

clojure

(defn string-wrap [s]
(if (= 0 (count s))
nil
(lazy-seq (cons (apply str (take 78 s))
(string-wrap (drop 78 s))))))

(let [s (apply str (repeat 10 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "))]
(doseq [line (string-wrap s)]
(println "> " line)))

erlang

wrapper(String, Times, Length) ->
StrList = lists:reverse(formatter(string:copies(String, Times), Length, [])),
lists:foreach(fun(Str) -> io:format("~p~n", [Str]) end, StrList).

formatter([], _Length, Acc) -> Acc;
formatter(String, Length, Acc) when length(String) > Length - 1->
{Head, Tail} = lists:split(Length - 1, String),
formatter(string:strip(Tail), Length, [[$>, $ | Head] | Acc]);
formatter(String, Length, Acc) ->
formatter([], Length, [[$>, $ | String] | Acc]).

fantom

s:=Str[,].fill("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ",10).join
while(s.size>0){
echo("> "+s[0..(77.min(s.size))-1])
s=(s.size>77)?s[77..-1].trim : ""
}

Declaration

Define a string containing special characters

Define the literal string "\#{'}${"}/"

python

# yes, Python has way too many forms of string literals :)
print "\\#{'}${\"}/"
print "\\#{'}${"'"'"}/"
print r"""\#{'}${"}/"""
print '\\#{\'}${"}/'
print '\\#{'"'"'}${"}/'
print r'''\#{'}${"}/'''

clojure

(def special "\\#{'}${\"}/")

erlang

Special = "\\#{'}\${\"}/",

fantom

special := Str<|\#{'}${"}/|>

fsharp

let special = "\#{'}${\"}/"

Define a multiline string

Define the string:

"This

Is

A

Multiline

String"

python

text = """This
Is
A
Multiline
String"""

# with proper indentation
text = (
"This\n"
"Is\n"
"A\n"
"Multiline\n"
"String"
)

clojure

(def multiline "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString")

erlang

Text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString",

fantom

s := "This
Is
A
Multiline
String"

fsharp

let multiline = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString"

let multiline = "This
Is
A
Multiline
String"

Define a string containing variables and expressions

Given variables a=3 and b=4 output "3+4=7"

python

class EvalDict(dict):
def __getitem__(s, k):
return eval(k, s)

a=3; b=4
"%(a)d+%(b)d=%(a+b)d" % EvalDict(locals())

a=3; b=4
"%d+%d=%d" % (a, b, a+b)

clojure

(format "%d + %d = %d" a b (+ a b))

erlang

A = 3, B = 4,
io:format("~B+~B=~B~n", [A, B, (A+B)]).

fantom

echo("$a+$b=${a+b}")

fsharp

let a, b = 3, 4
let mystr = sprintf "%d+%d=%d" a b (a+b)
printfn "%s" mystr

Manipulation

Reverse the characters in a string

Given the string "reverse me", produce the string "em esrever"

python

"reverse me"[::-1]

clojure

(require '[clojure.contrib.str-utils2 :as str])
(str/reverse "reverse me")

(apply str (reverse "reverse me"))

erlang

Reversed = lists:reverse("reverse me"),

Reversed = revchars("reverse me"),

fantom

"reverse me".reverse

fsharp

let reversed = new String (Array.rev ("reverse me".ToCharArray()))

let word = "reverse me"
//reverse the word
let reversedword =
word.ToCharArray()
|> Array.fold(fun acc x -> x::acc) []

Reverse the words in a string

Given the string "This is a end, my only friend!", produce the string "friend! only my end, the is This"

python

' '.join(reversed("This is a end, my only friend!".split()))

clojure

(require '[clojure.contrib.str-utils2 :as str])
(str/join " " (reverse (str/split "this is the end, my only friend!" #" ")))

(apply str (interpose " " (reverse (re-seq #"[^\s]+" "This is the end, my only friend!"))))

erlang

Reversed = string:join(lists:reverse(string:tokens("This is the end, my only friend!", " ")), " "),

fantom

"This is a end, my only friend!".split.reverse.join(" ")

fsharp

let reversed = String.Join(" ", Array.rev("This is the end, my only friend!".Split [|' '|]))

Text wrapping

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> ", yielding this result:

> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

python

import textwrap
print textwrap.fill("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10,
72, initial_indent="> ", subsequent_indent="> ")

clojure

(doseq [line (re-seq #".{0,70} "
(apply str
(repeat 10 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ")))]
(println ">" line))

erlang

TextWrap = textwrap(string:copies(Input, 10), 73 - length(Prefix)),
lists:foreach(fun (Line) -> io:format("~s~n", [string:concat(Prefix, Line)]) end, string:tokens(TextWrap, "\n")).

fantom

buf := Buf()
10.times { buf.writeChars("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ") }
buf.flip

out := Env.cur.out
sep := ">"; max := 72 - sep.size - 1
acc := 0; Str? s := null
while ((s = buf.readStrToken) != null)
{
if (acc == 0)
out.print(sep)

acc += s.size
if (acc > max)
{
out.print("\n$sep")
acc = s.size
}
out.print(" $s")
buf.readStrToken(4096) { !it.isSpace }
acc++
}

fsharp

let prefix = "> "
let input = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "

(String.split ['\n'] (textwrap (copies input 10) (73 - prefix.Length))) |> List.iter (fun line -> printfn "%s%s" prefix line)

let output maxWidth (s: string) =
let rec wrap = function
| lineSoFar, ([| |]: string array)-> printfn "%s" lineSoFar
| ">" as lineSoFar, (words: string array) ->
// Handle this case separately, thus we can also deal with
// cases where a word is longer then the max width
wrap (lineSoFar + " " + words.[0], Array.sub words 1 (words.Length - 1))
| lineSoFar, words when words.[0].Length + lineSoFar.Length >= maxWidth ->
printfn "%s" lineSoFar
wrap (">", words)
| lineSoFar, words ->
wrap(lineSoFar + " " + words.[0], Array.sub words 1 (words.Length - 1))
wrap (">", s.Split([| ' ' |]))

[| for i in 1 .. 10 do yield "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." |]
|> String.concat " "
|> output 78

Remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string

Given the string " hello " return the string "hello".

python

assert 'hello' == ' hello '.strip()

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.str-utils2)
(trim " hello ")

(clojure.string/trim " hello ")

(.trim " hello ")

erlang

Trimmed = string:strip(S),

fantom

s := " hello ".trim

fsharp

let s = " hello "
let trimmed = s.Trim()

let trimmed = " hello ".Trim()

Simple substitution cipher

Take a string and return the ROT13 and ROT47 (Check Wikipedia) version of the string.
For example:
String is: Hello World #123
ROT13 returns: Uryyb Jbeyq #123
ROT47 returns: w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab

python

# rot13, readable
rot13_tbl = string.maketrans("ABCDEFGHIJKLMabcdefghijklmNOPQRSTUVWXYZnopqrstuvwxyz", "NOPQRSTUVWXYZnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMabcdefghijklm")
string.translate("Hello World #123", rot13_tbl)

#
# "a bad programmer can write bad code in any language"
#

# rot13, "clever"
string.translate("Hello World #123", string.maketrans(string.lowercase+string.uppercase, string.lowercase[13:]+string.lowercase[:13]+string.uppercase[13:]+string.uppercase[:13]))

# rot47, very "clever"
''.join([ord(c) in range(33,127) and chr(((ord(c)-33+47)%(127-33))+33) or c for c in "Hello World #123"])

"Hello World #123".encode('rot13')

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.cond)

(defn rot13 [s]
(reduce str
(map #(char (let [c (bit-and (int (char %)) 0xDF)]
(+ % (cond-let [i]
(and (>= c (int \A)) (<= c (int \M))) 13
(and (>= c (int \N)) (<= c (int \Z))) -13
true 0))))
(map #(int (char %)) s))))

(defn rot47 [s]
(reduce str
(map #(char (+ % (cond-let [i]
(and (>= % (int \!)) (<= % (int \O))) 47
(and (>= % (int \P)) (<= % (int \~))) -47
true 0)))
(map #(int (char %)) s))))

erlang

rot13(Str) ->
lists:map(fun(A) ->
if
A >= $A, A =< $Z -> ((A - $A + 13) rem 26) + $A;
A >= $a, A =< $z -> ((A - $a + 13) rem 26) + $a;
true -> A
end
end, Str).

rot47(Str) ->
lists:map(fun(A) ->
if
A >= $!, A =< $~ ->
((A - $! + 47) rem 94) + $!;
true -> A
end
end, Str).

fantom

rot := |Str s, |Int c -> Int| remap -> Str|
{
rs := ""
s.each { rs += remap(it).toChar }
return rs
}

rot13 := |Str s -> Str|
{
rot(s) |Int c -> Int|
{
lc := c.lower
c += (lc >= 'a' && lc <= 'm') ? 13
: ((lc >= 'n' && lc <= 'z') ? -13 : 0)
return c
}
}

rot47 := |Str s -> Str|
{
rot(s) |Int c -> Int|
{
c += (c >= '!' && c <= 'O') ? 47
: ((c >= 'P' && c <= '~') ? -47 : 0)
return c
}
}

s := "Hello World #123"
echo("s=$s")
echo("rot13=${rot13(s)}")
echo("rot47=${rot47(s)}")

fsharp

#light

let rotChar (s:int) (l:int) (h:int) (c:char) =
let charCode = int c
let letterCount = h - l + 1
let newCharCode = (charCode - l + s) % letterCount + l
char newCharCode

let rot13 (text:string) =
let rotChar13 = function
| (c:char) when 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z' -> rotChar 13 (int 'A') (int 'Z') c
| c when 'a' <= c && c <= 'z' -> rotChar 13 (int 'a') (int 'z') c
| c -> c
new string([| for c in text -> rotChar13 c|])

let rot47 (text:string) =
let rotChar47 = function
| ' ' as c -> c
| c -> rotChar 47 (int '!') (int '~') c
new string([| for c in text -> rotChar47 c |])

Case

Make a string uppercase

Transform "Space Monkey" into "SPACE MONKEY"

python

"Space Monkey".upper()

clojure

(.toUpperCase "Space Monkey")

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [string:to_upper("Space Monkey")]).

fantom

s := "Space Monkey".localeUpper

fsharp

printfn "%s" ("Space Monkey".ToUpper())

printfn "%s" (String.uppercase "Space Monkey")

Make a string lowercase

Transform "Caps ARE overRated" into "caps are overrated"

python

"Caps ARE overRated".lower()

clojure

(.toLowerCase "Caps ARE overRated")

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [string:to_lower("Caps ARE overRated")]).

fantom

s := "Caps ARE overRated".localeLower

fsharp

printfn "%s" ("Caps ARE overRated".ToLower())

printfn "%s" (String.lowercase "Caps ARE overRated")

Capitalise the first letter of each word

Transform "man OF stEEL" into "Man Of Steel"

python

from string import capwords
capwords("man OF stEEL")

' '.join(s.capitalize() for s in "man OF stEEL".split())

"man OF stEEL".title()

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.str-utils2)
(join " " (map capitalize (split "man OF stEEL" #" ")))

erlang

Caps = string:join(lists:map(fun(S) -> to_caps(S) end, string:tokens("man OF stEEL", " ")), " "),

fantom

"man OF stEEL".split.map { it.localeLower.localeCapitalize }.join(" ")

fsharp

let words = String.Join(" ", Array.map (fun (s : String) -> (String.capitalize (s.ToLower()))) ("man OF stEEL".Split [|' '|]))

let wordlst = List.map (fun s -> (String.capitalize (String.lowercase s))) (String.split [' '] "man OF stEEL")
let words = new StringBuilder(List.hd wordlst)
for (s : String) in (List.tl wordlst) do (words.Append(" ").Append(s))

// Previous solutions used old library functions, here's something that works with F# 2.0
let s= "man OF stEEL"
let UpperFirst = function | "" -> "" | s -> s.Substring(0,1).ToUpper() + s.Substring(1).ToLower()
s.Split(' ') |> Array.map UpperFirst |> String.concat " "

let culture = System.Globalization.CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("en-US")
let titleCase = culture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase "man oF sTeel"

Numbers

Mathematical

Find the distance between two points

python

# problem description doesn't say 2D points ;)
from math import sqrt
print sqrt(sum((x-y)**2 for x,y in zip(a, b)))

from math import hypot
print hypot(x2-x1, y2-y1)

clojure

(defstruct point :x :y)

(defn distance
"Euclidean distance between 2 points"
[p1 p2]
(Math/pow (+ (Math/pow (- (:x p1) (:x p2)) 2)
(Math/pow (- (:y p1) (:y p2)) 2))
0.5))

(distance (struct point 0 0) (struct point 1 1)) ; => 1.4142135623730951

(defn distance
"Euclidean distance between 2 points"
[[x1 y1] [x2 y2]]
(Math/sqrt
(+ (Math/pow (- x1 x2) 2)
(Math/pow (- y1 y2) 2))))

(distance [2 2] [3 3])

erlang

Distance = distance({point, 34, 78}, {point, 67, -45}),
io:format("~.2f~n", [Distance]).

Distance = distance(point:new(34, 78), point:new(67, -45)),
io:format("~.2f~n", [Distance]).

fantom

px1 := 34.0f; py1 := 78.0f; px2 := 67.0f; py2 := -45.0f
distance := |Float x1, Float y1, Float x2, Float y2 -> Float|
{ ((x2-x1).pow(2.0f) + (y2-y1).pow(2.0f)).sqrt }

distance(px1, py1, px2, py2)

fsharp

let distance' = distance (34, 78) (67, -45)
printfn "%3.2f" distance'

Output

Zero pad a number

Given the number 42, pad it to 8 characters like 00000042

python

"%08d" % 42

clojure

(defn pad
([x] (if (> 8 (.length (str x))) (pad (str 0 x)) (str x)))
)

(defn pad [x]
(format "%08d" x))

(format "%08d" 42)

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~8..0B", [42]),

io:format("~8..0B~n", [42]).

fantom

formatted := 42.toStr.padl(8, '0')

formatted := 42.toLocale("00000000")

fsharp

printfn "%08d" 42

let formatted = sprintf "%08d" 42
printfn "%s" formatted

let buffer = new StringBuilder()
Printf.bprintf buffer "%08d" 42
printfn "%s" (buffer.ToString())

let formatted = String.Format("{0,8:D8}", 42)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

let formatted = Convert.ToString(42).PadLeft(8, '0')
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

Right Space pad a number

Given the number 1024 right pad it to 6 characters "1024 "

python

"%-6s" % 1024

str(1024).rjust(6)

'{0: <6}'.format(1024)

clojure

(let [s (str 1024)
l (count s)]
(str s (reduce str (repeat (- 6 l) " "))))

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~-6B", [1024]),

io:format("~-6B~n", [1024]).

fantom

formatted := 1024.toStr.padr(6)

fsharp

printfn "%-6d" 1024

let formatted = String.Format("{0,-6:D}", 1024)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

let formatted = Convert.ToString(1024).PadRight(6)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

Format a decimal number

Format the number 7/8 as a decimal with 2 places: 0.88

python

"%.2f" % (7 / 8.0)

round(7./8., 2)

clojure

(format "%3.2f" (/ 7.0 8))

(* 0.01 (Math/round (* 100 (float (/ 7 8)))))

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~.2f", [7/8]),

io:format("~.2f~n", [7/8]).

fantom

formatted := (7.0/8.0).toLocale("0.00")

fsharp

printfn "%3.2f" (0.7 / 0.8)

let formatted = String.Format("{0,3:F2}", (0.7 / 0.8))
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

Left Space pad a number

Given the number 73 left pad it to 10 characters " 73"

python

"%10s" % 73

clojure

(let [s (str 73)
l (count s)]
(str (reduce str (repeat (- 10 l) " ")) s ))

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~10B", [73]),

io:format("~10B~n", [73]).

fantom

formatted := 73.toStr.padl(10)

fsharp

let formatted = sprintf "%10d" 73
printfn "%s" formatted

let formatted = String.Format("{0,10:D}", 73)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

let formatted = Convert.ToString(73).PadLeft(10)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

Random

Generate a random integer in a given range

Produce a random integer between 100 and 200 inclusive

python

import random
random.randint(100, 200)

# uses best entropy source available (e.g. /dev/urandom, CryptGenRandom, ...)

import random
print random.SystemRandom().randint(100,200)

clojure

(+ (rand-int (- 201 100)) 100)

erlang

RandomInt = gen_rand_integer(100, 200),

fantom

r := Int.random(100..200)

fsharp

let rnd = new Random()
let rndInt = rnd.Next(100, 201)

Generate a repeatable random number sequence

Initialise a random number generator with a seed and generate five decimal values. Reset the seed and produce the same values.

python

import random

random.seed(12345)
list1 = [random.randint(1,10) for x in range(5)]

random.seed(12345)
list2 = [random.randint(1,10) for x in range(5)]

assert(list1==list2)

clojure

(dotimes [_ 2]
(let [r (java.util.Random. 12345)]
(dotimes [_ 5]
(println (.nextInt r 100))))
(println))

erlang

setRNG(RNGState),
io:format("~w~n", [lists:map(fun (_) -> gen_rand_integer(100, 200) end, lists:seq(1, 5))]),

setRNG(RNGState),
io:format("~w~n", [lists:map(fun (_) -> gen_rand_integer(100, 200) end, lists:seq(1, 5))]).

fantom

rand := Random.makeSeeded(12345)
first := Int[,].fill(0,5).map { rand.next(100..200) }

rand2 := Random.makeSeeded(12345)
second := Int[,].fill(0,5).map { rand2.next(100..200) }

fsharp

let (seed, lb, ub) = (12345, 100, 200)

let mutable rnd = new Random(seed)
for i = 1 to 5 do printf "%d " (rnd.Next(lb, ub + 1)) done ; printfn ""

rnd <- new Random(seed)
for i = 1 to 5 do printf "%d " (rnd.Next(lb, ub + 1)) done ; printfn ""

Regex

Matching

Check if a string matches a regular expression

Display "ok" if "Hello" matches /[A-Z][a-z]+/

python

found = re.match(r'[A-Z][a-z]+', 'Hello')
if found:
print 'ok'

clojure

(if (re-matches #"[A-Z][a-z]+" "Hello")
(println "ok"))

erlang

String = "Hello", Regexp = "[A-Z][a-z]+",
is_match(String, Regexp) andalso (begin io:format("ok~n"), true end).

case re:run("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+") of {match, _} -> ok end.

fantom

if (Regex<|[A-Z][a-z]+|>.matches("Hello"))
echo("ok")

fsharp

if (Regex.IsMatch("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+")) then printfn "ok"

Check if a string matches with groups

Display "two" if "one two three" matches /one (.*) three/

python

match = re.match(r'one (.*) three', 'one two three')
if match:
print match.group(1)

clojure

(if-let [groups (re-matches #"one (.*) three" "one two three")]
(println (second groups)))

erlang

case re:run("one two three", "one (.*) three", [{capture, [1], list}]) of {match, Res} -> hd(Res) end.

fantom

m := Regex<|one (.*) three|>.matcher("one two three")
if (m.matches)
echo("${m.group(1)}")

fsharp

let regmatch = (Regex.Match("one two three", "one (.*) three"))
if regmatch.Success then (printfn "%s" (regmatch.Groups.[1].Captures.[0].ToString()))

Searching

Check if a string contains a match to a regular expression

Display "ok" if "abc 123 @#$" matches /\d+/

python

found = re.search(r'\d+', 'abc 123 @#$')
if found:
print 'ok'

clojure

(if (re-find #"\d+" "abc 123 @#$")
(println "ok"))

erlang

% Erlang uses 'egrep'-compatible regular expressions, so shortcuts like '\d' not supported
String = "abc 123 @#$", Regexp = "[0-9]+",
is_match(String, Regexp) andalso (begin io:format("ok~n"), true end).

case re:run("abc 123 @#$", "\\d+") of {match, _} -> ok end.

fantom

m := Regex<|\d+|>.matcher("abc 123 @#\$")
if (m.find)
echo("ok")

fsharp

if (Regex.IsMatch("abc 123 @#$", "\\d+")) then printfn "ok"

Loop through a string matching a regex and performing an action for each match

Create a list [fish1,cow3,boat4] when matching "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4" with regex /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/

python

map(''.join, re.findall(r"$(\w+)$:(\d+)", "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4"))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(''.join(m.groups()) for m in re.finditer(r"$(\w+)$:(\d+)", "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4"))

clojure

(let [matcher (re-matcher #"$(\w+)$:(\d+)" "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4")]
(loop [match (re-find matcher)
lst []]
(if match
(recur (re-find matcher) (conj lst (str (second match) (nth match 2))))
lst)))

erlang

solve(S) ->
R = "\$(\\w+?)\$:(\\d+)",
{match, M} = re:run(S,R, [global, {capture, all_but_first, list}]),
[ A++N || [A, N] <- M].

fantom

m := Regex<|$(\w+)$:(\d+)|>.matcher(s)
list := Str[,]
while (m.find) { list.add("${m.group(1)}${m.group(2)}") }

fsharp

let list = new ResizeArray<string>()
let mutable regmatch = (Regex.Match("(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4", "\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)"))

while regmatch.Success do
list.Add(regmatch.Groups.[1].Captures.[0].ToString() ^ regmatch.Groups.[2].Captures.[0].ToString())
regmatch <- regmatch.NextMatch()
done

for word in list do printfn "%s" word done

// A solution without mutation:
let results =
Regex.Matches("(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4", "\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)")
|> Seq.cast
|> Seq.map (fun (regmatch: Match) ->
regmatch.Groups.[1].Captures.[0].ToString() + regmatch.Groups.[2].Captures.[0].ToString()
)
|> List.ofSeq

Replacing

Replace the first regex match in a string with a static string

Transform "Red Green Blue" into "R*d Green Blue" by replacing /e/ with "*"

python

print re.sub(r'e', '*', 'Red Green Blue', 1)

clojure

(.replaceFirst (re-matcher #"e" "Red Green Blue") "*")

erlang

{ok, Replaced, _} = regexp:sub("Red Green Blue", "e", "*"),

re:replace("Red Green Blue", "e", "*", [{return, list}]).

fantom

replaced := Regex<|e|>.split("Red Green Blue",2).join("*")

fsharp

let replaced = ((new Regex("e")).Replace("Red Green Blue", "*", 1))
printfn "%s" replaced

Replace all regex matches in a string with a static string

Transform "She sells sea shells" into "She X X shells" by replacing /se\w+/ with "X"

python

transformed = re.sub(r'se\w+', 'X', 'She sells sea shells')

clojure

(.replaceAll (re-matcher #"se\w+" "She sells sea shells") "X")

erlang

% Erlang uses 'egrep'-compatible regular expressions, so shortcuts like '\w' not supported
{ok, Replaced, _} = regexp:gsub("She sells sea shells", "se[A-Za-z0-9_]+", "X"),

re:replace("She sells sea shells", "se\\w+", "X", [global, {return, list}]).

fantom

replaced := Regex<|se\w+|>.split("She sells sea shells").join("X")

fsharp

let replaced = ((new Regex("se\\w+")).Replace("She sells sea shells", "X"))
printfn "%s" replaced

Replace all regex matches in a string with a dynamic string

Transform "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}" into "The kciuQ Brown xoF" by reversing words in braces using the regex /\{(\w+)\}/.

python

transformed = re.sub(r'\{(\w+)\}',
lambda match: match.group(1)[::-1],
'The {Quick} Brown {Fox}')

clojure

(def *string* "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}")
(def *regex* (re-pattern #"\{(\w+)\}"))

(println
(loop [result ""
src *string*
replace-strs (re-seq *regex* *string*)]
(if (empty? src)
result
(let [[match replacement] (first replace-strs)]
(if (= (first src) (first match))
; At the beginning of a sequence that should be replaced.
; Do replacement of a single match
(recur (str result (apply str (reverse replacement)))
(drop (count match) src)
(rest replace-strs))
; else, just copy one char from the source to the result
(recur (str result (first src))
(rest src)
replace-strs))))))

(clojure.string/replace "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}"
#"\{(\w+)\}"
(fn [[_ word]] (apply str (reverse word))))

erlang

% Erlang regular expressions lack both group capture and backreferences, thus this problem is not directly
% solvable. Presented solution is close, but not on-spec

String = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}",
{match, FieldList} = regexp:matches(String, "\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}"),

NewString = lists:foldl(fun ({Start, Length}, S) -> replstr(S, lists:reverse(string:substr(S, Start, Length)), Start) end, String, FieldList),

fantom

s := "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}"
m := Regex<|\{(\w+)\}|>.matcher(s)
buf := StrBuf(s.size)
last := 0
while (m.find)
{
buf.add(s[last..m.start-1]).add(m.group(1).reverse)
last = m.end
}
buf.add(s[last..-1])
replaced := buf.toStr

fsharp

open System
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
let reverseMatch (m:Match) =
String(m.Groups.[1].Value.ToCharArray() |> Array.rev)
let output = Regex.Replace("The {Quick} Brown {Fox}", @"\{(\w+)\}", reverseMatch)

Lists

Declaration

Define an empty list

Assign the variable "list" to a list with no elements

python

list = []

clojure

(list)

'()

erlang

List = [],

fantom

list := [,]

fsharp

let list = []

let list = List.empty

let list = new Generic.List<string>()

let list = new Generic.LinkedList<string>()

Define a static list

Define the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five]

python

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
print list

clojure

(def a '[One Two Three Four Five])

erlang

List = [one, two, three, four, five],

List = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'],

fantom

list := ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]

fsharp

let list = ["One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"]

let list = (new Generic.LinkedList<string>([|"One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"|]))

let list = (new Generic.LinkedList<string>())

list.AddFirst("One") ; list.AddLast("Five") ; list.AddBefore(list.Find("Five"), "Four")
list.AddAfter(list.Find("One"), "Two") ; list.AddAfter(list.Find("Two"), "Three")

let list = (new Generic.List<string>())

[|"One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"|] |> Array.iter (fun x -> list.Add(x))

Output

Join the elements of a list, separated by commas

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot] produce "Apple, Banana, Carrot"

python

print ", ".join(['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot'])

clojure

(apply str (interpose ", " '("Apple" "Banana" "Carrot")))

erlang

Result = string:join(Fruit, ", "),

Result = lists:foldl(fun (E, Acc) -> Acc ++ ", " ++ E end, hd(Fruit), tl(Fruit)),

Result = lists:flatten([ hd(Fruit) | [ ", " ++ X || X <- tl(Fruit)]]).

fantom

["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"].join(", ")

fsharp

let result = String.Join(", ", [|"Apple"; "Banana"; "Carrot"|])

let result = (List.fold_left (fun acc item -> acc ^ (", " ^ item)) (List.hd fruit) (List.tl fruit))

let result = (List.fold_left (fun (acc : StringBuilder) (item : string) -> acc.Append(", ").Append(item)) (new StringBuilder(List.hd fruit)) (List.tl fruit)).ToString()

Join the elements of a list, in correct english

Create a function join that takes a List and produces a string containing an english language concatenation of the list. It should work with the following examples:
join([Apple, Banana, Carrot]) = "Apple, Banana, and Carrot"
join([One, Two]) = "One and Two"
join([Lonely]) = "Lonely"
join([]) = ""

python

def join(*x):
if len(x) <= 2:
return ' and '.join(x)
else:
return ', '.join(x[:-1] + ('and ' + x[-1],))

if __name__ == "__main__":
assert join("Apple", "Banana", "Carrot") == "Apple, Banana, and Carrot"
assert join("One", "Two") == "One and Two"
assert join("Lonely") == "Lonely"
assert join(*[]) == ""

clojure

(defn join [lst]
(cond
(= (count lst) 0) ""
(= (count lst) 1) (first lst)
(= (count lst) 2) (str (first lst) " and " (second lst))
(> (count lst) 2) (loop [lst lst sb (StringBuilder.)]
(if (empty? lst)
(.toString sb)
(recur (rest lst) (.append sb (cond
(> (count lst) 2) (str (first lst) ", ")
(> (count lst) 1) (str (first lst) ", and ")
(= (count lst) 1) (str (first lst)))))))))

(defn join
([lst]
(join lst false))
([lst is-long]
(condp = (count lst)
0 ""
1 (first lst)
2 (str (first lst) (if is-long ",") " and " (second lst))
(str (first lst) ", " (join (rest lst) true)))))

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [join(Fruit)]).

% ------

join([]) -> "";
join([W|Ws]) -> join(Ws, W).

join([], S) -> S;
join([W], S) -> join([], S ++ " and " ++ W);
join([W|Ws], S) -> join(Ws, S ++ ", " ++ W).

%% According to the reference manual, "string is not a data type in Erlang."
%% Instead it has lists of integers. But I/O functions in general accept
%% IO lists, where an IO list is either a list of IO lists or an integer.
%% This gives you O(1) string concatenation.

-module(commalist).
-export([join/1]).

join([]) -> "";
join([W]) -> W;
join([W1, W2]) -> [W1, " and ", W2];
join([W1, W2, W3]) -> [W1, ", ", W2, ", and ", W3];
join([W1|Ws]) -> [W1, ", ", join(Ws)].

fantom

join := |List list -> Str|
{
switch(list.size)
{
case 0: return ""
case 1: return list[0]
case 2: return list.join(" and ")
default: return list[0..-2].join(", ") + ", and " + list[-1]
}
}

echo(join(["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]))
echo(join(["One", "Two"]))
echo(join(["Lonely"]))
echo(join([,]))

fsharp

Produce the combinations from two lists

Given two lists, produce the list of tuples formed by taking the combinations from the individual lists. E.g. given the letters ["a", "b", "c"] and the numbers [4, 5], produce the list: [["a", 4], ["b", 4], ["c", 4], ["a", 5], ["b", 5], ["c", 5]]

python

[(x, y) for y in [1,2] for x in ['a','b','c']]

import itertools
[x for x in itertools.product(["a", "b", "c"], [4, 5])]

clojure

(defn combine [lst1 lst2]
(mapcat (fn [x] (map #(list % x) lst1)) lst2))

(mapcat (fn [x] (map #(list % x) ["a", "b", "c"])) [4, 5])

erlang

Combinations =
lists:foldl(fun (Number, Acc) -> Acc ++ lists:map(fun (Letter) -> {Letter, Number} end, Letters) end, [], Numbers),

Combinations = lists:keysort(2, sofs:to_external(sofs:product(sofs:set(Letters), sofs:set(Numbers))))

[[A, B] || A <- ["a", "b", "c"], B <- [4, 5]].

fantom

[4,5].each |Int i| { ["a","b","c"].each |Str s| { r.add([i,s]) } }

fsharp

let combinations = (List.fold_left (fun acc number -> acc @ (List.map (fun letter -> (letter, number)) letters)) [] numbers)

let combinations aa bb =
aa
|> List.map (fun a -> bb |> List.map (fun b -> (a, b)))
|> List.concat

From a List Produce a List of Duplicate Entries

Taking a list:
["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

Write the code to produce a list of duplicates in the list:
["bob"]

python

import itertools
input = ["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]
input.sort()
output = [k for k, g in itertools.groupby(input, lambda x: x) if len(list(g)) > 1]

clojure

(->> '("andrew" "bob" "chris" "bob")
(group-by identity)
(filter #(> (count (second %)) 1))
(map first))

erlang

{_, Result} = lists:foldl(
fun(X, {Uniq, Dupl}) -> case lists:member(X, Uniq) of
true -> {Uniq,[X | Dupl]};
_ -> {[X | Uniq], Dupl}
end
end,
{[], []},
List),

Fun = fun
([X | Xs], F) -> case lists:member(X, Xs) of
true -> [X | F(Xs, F)];
_ -> F(Xs, F)
end;
([], _) -> []
end,
Result = Fun(List, Fun).

fantom

nameCounts := Str:Int[:] { def = 0 }
["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"].each |Str v| { nameCounts[v]++ }
results := nameCounts.findAll |Int v, Str k->Bool| { v > 1 }.keys
echo(results.join(","))

fsharp

["andrew"; "bob"; "chris"; "bob"]
|> Seq.countBy id
|> Seq.filter (fun (k,n) -> n > 1)
|> Seq.map fst
|> Seq.toList

Access

Fetch an element of a list by index

Given the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five], fetch the third element ('Three')

python

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
list[2]

clojure

(nth '[One Two Three Four Five] 2)

erlang

Result = lists:nth(3, List),

Result = element(3, list_to_tuple(List)),

{Left, _} = lists:split(3, List), Result = lists:last(Left),

Result = nth0(2, List),

fantom

["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"][2]

["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"].get(2)

fsharp

let result = List.nth ["One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"] 2

Fetch the last element of a list

Given the list [Red, Green, Blue], access the last element ('Blue')

python

list = ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue']
list[-1]

clojure

(last '[One Two Three Four Five])

erlang

Result = lists:last(List),

Result = last(List),

Result = hd(lists:reverse(List)),

Result = lists:nth(length(List), List),

fantom

["Red", "Green", "Blue"][-1]

["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"].last

fsharp

let last list =
let rec last' list' =
match list' with
| [x] -> x
| x :: xs -> last' xs
if List.is_empty list then failwith "empty list" else last' list

// ------

let result = last list

let result = (List.nth list ((List.length list) - 1))

let result = (List.hd (List.rev list))

Find the common items in two lists

Given two lists, find the common items. E.g. given beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white'] and colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green'], what are the bean varieties that are also color names?

python

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']

common = [b for b in beans if b in colors]

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']

common = set(beans) & set(colors)

clojure

(use 'clojure.set)

(let [beans '[broad mung black red white]
colors '[black red blue green]]
(intersection (set beans) (set colors)))

erlang

Beans = sets:from_list([broad, mung, black, red, white]), Colors = sets:from_list([black, red, blue, green]),

Common = sets:to_list(sets:intersection(Beans, Colors)),

fantom

beans := ["broad", "mung", "black", "red", "white"]
colors := ["black", "red", "blue", "green"]
echo(beans.intersection(colors))

fsharp

let beans = (Set.of_list ["broad"; "mung"; "black"; "red"; "white"])
let colors = (Set.of_list ["black"; "red"; "blue"; "green"])
let common = (Set.intersect beans colors)

let beans = Set ["broad"; "mung"; "black"; "red"; "white"]
let colors = Set ["black"; "red"; "blue"; "green"]
let common = Set.intersect beans colors

// Iterates elements of
// list1 across Elements of list2 returning a list of string options
// as generated by List.tryFind
let findCommon(list1 : 'a list, list2 : 'a list) : 'a list =
list1 |> List.map(fun y -> list2 |> List.tryFind(fun x -> y = x))
// Iterates elements of string option list generated above
// returning a string list containing common elements of List1 and List2
|> List.fold(fun acc x -> if x <> None then x.Value::acc else acc) []
// reverse order of list (can't seem to make List.foldBack work for this
|> List.rev

let beans = ["broad"; "mung"; "black"; "red"; "white"]
let colors = ["black"; "red"; "blue"; "green"]
printfn "%A" (findCommon(beans, colors)) ;;

Display the unique items in a list

Display the unique items in a list, e.g. given ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18], display the unique elements, i.e. with duplicates removed.

python

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]

unique_ages = list(set(ages))

clojure

;; returns a set
(set [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])
;;#{14 16 17 18 19}

;; returns a lazy sequence of the unique elements
(distinct [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])
;;(18 16 17 19 14)

erlang

Ages = sets:to_list(sets:from_list([18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])), io:format("~w~n", [Ages]).

lists:usort([18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]).

fantom

uniqueAges := [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18].unique
echo(uniqueAges)

fsharp

(Set.ofList [18; 16; 17; 18; 16; 19; 14; 17; 19; 18]) |> Set.iter (fun age -> printf "%d, " age)

Modification

Remove an element from a list by index

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot], remove the first element to produce the list [Banana, Carrot]

python

myList = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
print myList
del myList[0]
# or
myList.pop(0) # returns 'Apple'
print myList

clojure

(let [fruit ["Apple" "Banana" "Carrot"]
index 0]
(concat
(take index fruit)
(drop (+ index 1) fruit)))

erlang

Result = tl(List),

[_|Result] = List,

N = 1, {Left, Right} = lists:split(N - 1, List), Result = Left ++ tl(Right),

Result = drop(1, List),

fantom

list := ["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]
list.removeAt(0)

fsharp

let split_at list n =
let rec split_at' list' n' left right =
match list' with
| [] -> (List.rev left, List.rev right)
| x :: xs -> if n' <= n then split_at' xs (n' + 1) (x :: left) right else split_at' xs (n' + 1) left (x :: right)
split_at' list 0 [] []

// ------

let (_, right) = split_at fruit 0

let drop list n =
if n <= 0 then
list
else
let (_, right) = split_at list (n - 1)
right

// ------

let result = (drop fruit 1)

Remove the last element of a list

python

myList = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
myList.pop()

clojure

(pop ["Apple" "Banana" "Carrot"])

erlang

Result = init(List),

Result = take(length(List) - 1, List),

Result = lists:reverse(tl(lists:reverse(List))),

fantom

list := ["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]
list.removeAt(-1)

list := ["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]¨
list.pop

fsharp

let take list n =
if n <= 0 then
list
else
let (left, _) = split_at list (n - 1)
left

// ------

let result = (take fruit ((List.length fruit) - 1))

let but_last list =
let rec but_last' list' acc =
match list' with
| [x] -> List.rev acc
| x :: xs -> but_last' xs (x :: acc)
if List.is_empty list then [] else but_last' list []

// ------

let result = (but_last fruit)

Rotate a list

Given a list ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"], rotate it by removing the first item and placing it on the end to yield ["orange", "grapes", "bananas", "apple"]

python

l = ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"]
first, l = l[0], l[1:] + l[:1]

fruit = ['apple', 'orange', 'grapes', 'bananas']
fruit.append(fruit.pop(0))

clojure

(let [fruit ["apple" "orange" "grapes" "bananas"]]
(concat (rest fruit) [(first fruit)])

erlang

N = 1, {Left, Right} = lists:split(N, List), Result = Right ++ Left,

N = 1, Result = rotate(N, List),

fantom

list := ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"]
list.add(list.removeAt(0))

fsharp

let rotate list n =
if n <= 0 then
list
else
let (left, right) = split_at list (n - 1)
right @ left

// ------

let result = (rotate fruit 1)

Manipulation

Gather together corresponding elements from multiple lists

Given several lists, gather together the first element from every list, the second element from every list, and so on for all corresponding index values in the lists. E.g. for these three lists, first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], years = [1955, 1946, 1940] the result should produce 3 actors. The middle actor should be Tommy Lee Jones.

python

first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce']
last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee']
years = [1955, 1946, 1940]

actors = zip(first, last, years)

assert len(actors) == 3
assert actors[1] == ('Tommy Lee', 'Jones', 1946)

clojure

(defn gatherer [listOfLists]
(if (empty? (first listOfLists))
() ; the base case for recursion
(cons
(map first listOfLists) ; get the first element of each of the lists
(gatherer (map rest listOfLists)) ; gather all the subsequent ones
)
)
)

(def firstnames '("Bruce" "Tommy Lee" "Bruce"))
(def lastnames '("Willis" "Jones" "Lee"))
(def years '(1955 1946 1940))

(println (gatherer [firstnames lastnames years]))

; -> ((Bruce Willis 1955) (Tommy Lee Jones 1946) (Bruce Lee 1940))

(def firstnames ["Bruce" "Tommy Lee" "Bruce"])
(def lastnames ["Willis" "Jones" "Lee"])
(def years [1955 1946 1940])
(println (map (fn [f l y] [f l y]) firstnames lastnames years))

erlang

First = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], Last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], Years = [1955, 1946, 1940],

Result = lists:zip3(First, Last, Years),

fantom

r := [,]
first.size.times |Int i| { r.add([first[i], last[i], years[i]]) }

echo(r)

fsharp

let result = (List.zip3 first last years)

List Combinations

Given two source lists (or sets), generate a list (or set) of all the pairs derived by combining elements from the individual lists (sets). E.g. given suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S'] and faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A'], generate the deck of 52 cards, confirm the deck size and check it contains an expected card, say 'Ace of Hearts'.

python

suites = ('H', 'D', 'C', 'S')
faces = ('2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A')
deck = [(face,suite) for suite in suites for face in faces]
assert len(deck) == 52
assert ('A', 'H') in deck

clojure

(def suites ["H" "D" "C" "S"])
(def faces [2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "J" "Q" "K" "A"])
(defn listCards [] (for [s suites f faces] [f s]))
(some (partial = ["A" "H"]) (listCards))
; -> true
(count (listCards))
; -> 52

erlang

Cards = lists:foldl(fun (Suite, Acc) -> Acc ++ lists:flatmap(fun (Face) -> [{Suite, Face}] end, Faces) end, [], Suites),

io:format("Deck has ~B cards~n", [length(Cards)]),
IsMember = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Cards),
io:format("~s~n", [if IsMember -> "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; true -> "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck" end]),

Cards = sofs:to_external(sofs:product(sofs:set(Suites), sofs:set(Faces))),

io:format("Deck has ~B cards~n", [length(Cards)]),
IsMember = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Cards),
io:format("~s~n", [if IsMember -> "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; true -> "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck" end]),

Deck2 = [{S, V} || S <- [d, c, h, s], V <- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']],
52 = length(Deck2),
true = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Deck2).

fantom

r := [,]
["2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","J","Q","K","A"].each |Str c|
{ ["H","D","C","S"].each |Str s| { r.add([c,s]) } }

q := ["A","H"]
result := r.contains(q)
echo("Deck size=${r.size}, contains $q? -> $result")

fsharp

let cards = (List.fold_left (fun acc suite -> acc @ (List.map (fun face -> (suite, face)) faces)) [] suites)

printfn "Deck has %d cards" (List.length cards)
printfn "%s" (if (List.exists (fun e -> e = ("h", "A")) cards) then "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; else "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck")

let product (set1 : List<'a>) (set2 : List<'a>) : List<'a * 'a> =
let p = new ResizeArray<'a * 'a>()
for e1 in set1 do for e2 in set2 do p.Add(e1, e2) done done
Array.to_list (p.ToArray())

// ------

let cards = product suites faces

printfn "Deck has %d cards" (List.length cards)
printfn "%s" (if (List.exists (fun e -> e = ("h", "A")) cards) then "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; else "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck")

Perform an operation on every item of a list

Perform an operation on every item of a list, e.g.
for the list ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"] calculate
the list of sizes of the strings, e.g. [2, 3, 4, 5]

python

print map(lambda x: len(x), ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"])

print [len(x) for x in ['ox', 'cat', 'deer', 'whale']]

clojure

(map count ["ox" "cat" "deer" "whale"])

erlang

lists:map(fun (X) ->length(X) end, List).

fantom

["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"].map { it.size }

fsharp

let lengths = List.map String.length ["ox"; "cat"; "deer"; "whale"]

Split a list of things into numbers and non-numbers

Given a list that might contain e.g. a string, an integer, a float and a date,
split the list into numbers and non-numbers.

python

import re
data = '34234aff340980adf0e0fa0fefl' ## or ''.join(array)

nonDigits = re.findall(re.compile('\D'), data)
digits = re.findall(re.compile('\d'), data)

clojure

(def jumble [3 "Bill" 5.7 '("A" "B" "C")]) ; int, string, float, list

(defn numberNonNumberSorter [jumbledList]
(if (empty? jumbledList)
(hash-map :numbers [], :nonnumbers []) ; recursion base case - return two empty lists
(let [head (first jumbledList)] ; let <head> be the first element in the list
(let [tailresult (numberNonNumberSorter (rest jumbledList))] ; tailresult applies recursively to the remainder
(if (number? head) ; is head a number?
(hash-map
:numbers (cons head (tailresult :numbers)) ; add <head> to the numbers
:nonnumbers (tailresult :nonnumbers)) ; leave nonnumbers the same
(hash-map
:numbers (tailresult :numbers) ; leave numbers the same
:nonnumbers (cons head (tailresult :nonnumbers))) ; add <head> to nonnumbers
)
)
)
)
)

(println (numberNonNumberSorter jumble))

; -> {:nonnumbers (Bill (A B C)), :numbers (3 5.7)}

(group-by number? ["hello" 42 3.14 (Date.)])

erlang

% Wrapped call to the auxiliary function
number_split(Xs) ->
number_split(Xs, [], []).

% The auxiliary function
number_split([], Num, NonNum) ->
{Num, NonNum};
number_split([X|Xs], Num, NonNum) ->
case is_number(X) of
true ->
number_split(Xs, [X|Num], NonNum);
false ->
number_split(Xs, Num, [X|NonNum])
end.

List = ["hello", 25, 3.14, calendar:local_time()],
{Numbers, NonNumbers} = lists:partition(fun(E) -> is_number(E) end, List)

fantom

things := ["hello", 25, 3.14, Time.now]
numbers := things.findType(Num#)
nonNumbers := things.exclude { numbers.contains(it) }

fsharp

Testing

Test if a condition holds for all items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for all items of the list.

python

all(x > 1 for x in [2,3,4])

clojure

(every? #(> % 1) [2 3 4])

erlang

Result = lists:all(Pred, List).

fantom

echo([2,3,4].all{ it>1 })

fsharp

let rec IsAll predicate source =
let mutable acc = true
for e in source do
acc <- acc && (predicate e)
acc

Test if a condition holds for any items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for any items of the list.

python

any(x > 3 for x in [2, 3, 4])

clojure

; The standard library in Clojure has "not-any?" but (oddly enough) no "any?"
(defn any? [pred coll]
((complement not-any?) pred coll))

(any? #(> % 3) [2 3 4])

(some #(> % 3) [2 3 4])

erlang

Result = lists:any(Pred, List).

fantom

echo([2,3,4].any{ it==4 })

fsharp

let rec IsAny predicate source =
match source with
| [] -> false
| h::t ->
if (predicate h) then true
else (IsAny predicate t )

Maps

Declaration

Define an empty map

python

map = {}

clojure

(def m {})

erlang

Map = dict:new(),

Map = orddict:new(),

Map = gb_trees:empty(),

Map = ets:new(the_map_name, [set, private, {keypos, 1}]),

fantom

map := [:]

fsharp

let map = Map.empty

let map = new Generic.Dictionary<string, string>()

let map = new Hashtable()

Define an unmodifiable empty map

python

import collections
EmptyDict = collections.namedtuple("EmptyDict", "")
e = EmptyDict()

clojure

; Clojure maps are immutable
(def m {})

erlang

% Erlang data structures are immutable - updating a 'map' sees a modified copy created
Map = dict:new(),

fantom

map := [:].ro

fsharp

// Most native fsharp data structures are immutable - updating a 'map' sees a modified copy created
let map = Map.empty

Define an initial map

Define the map {circle:1, triangle:3, square:4}

python

shapes = {'circle': 1, 'square': 4, 'triangle': 2}

clojure

(def m '{circle 1 triangle 1 square 4})

erlang

Map = dict:from_list([{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}]),

Map0 = dict:new(),

% Erlang variables are 'single-assignment' i.e. they cannot be reassigned
Map1 = dict:store(circle, 1, Map0),
Map2 = dict:store(triangle, 3, Map1),
Map3 = dict:store(square, 4, Map2),

Map0 = gb_trees:empty(),

Map1 = gb_trees:enter(circle, 1, Map0),
Map2 = gb_trees:enter(triangle, 3, Map1),
Map3 = gb_trees:enter(square, 4, Map2),

Map = gb_trees:from_orddict(lists:keysort(1, [{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}])),

Map = ets:new(the_map_name, [ordered_set, private, {keypos, 1}]),
ets:insert(Map, [{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}]),

fantom

map := ["circle":1, "triangle":2, "square":4]

fsharp

let shapes = Map.ofList [("circle", 1); ("triangle", 3); ("square", 4)]

let shapes = Map.empty.Add("circle", 1).Add("triangle", 3).Add("square", 4)

let shapes = new Generic.Dictionary<string, int>()
shapes.Add("circle", 1)
shapes.Add("triangle", 3)
shapes.Add("square", 4)

let shapes = Map [("circle", 1); ("triangle", 3); ("square", 4)]

Access

Check if a key exists in a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print "ok" if an pet exists for "mary"

python

pets = dict(joe='cat', mary='turtle', bill='canary')
if ("mary" in pets) print "ok"

clojure

(if (contains? '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary} 'mary)
(println "ok"))

erlang

dict:is_key(mary, Pets) andalso begin io:format("ok~n"), true end.

IsMember = ets:member(Pets, mary), if (IsMember) -> io:format("ok~n") ; true -> false end.

case gb_trees:lookup(mary, Pets) of none -> false ; _ -> io:format("ok~n") end.

fantom

map := ["joe":"cat", "mary":"turtle", "bill":"canary"]
if (map.containsKey("mary")) echo("ok")

fsharp

if (Map.mem "mary" pets) then printfn "ok"

if pets.ContainsKey("mary") then printfn "ok"

Retrieve a value from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print the pet for "joe" ("cat")

python

print pets['joe']

clojure

(def pets '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary})

(println (get pets 'joe))

erlang

dict:is_key(joe, Pets) andalso begin io:format("~w~n", [dict:fetch(joe, Pets)]), true end.

case dict:find(joe, Pets) of error -> false ; {ok, Pet} -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

IsMember = ets:member(Pets, joe), if (IsMember) -> io:format("~w~n", [ets:lookup_element(Pets, joe, 2)]) ; true -> false end.

case ets:match(Pets, {joe, '$1'}) of [] -> false ; [[Pet]] -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

case gb_trees:lookup(joe, Pets) of none -> false ; {value, Pet} -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

fantom

map := ["joe":"cat", "mary":"turtle", "bill":"canary"]
pet := map["joe"]
echo("pet=$pet")

fsharp

if (Map.mem "joe" pets) then printfn "%s" (Map.find "joe" pets)

if (pets |> Map.exists (fun key _ -> key = "joe")) then printfn "%s" (Map.find "joe" pets)

let key = "joe"
match (pets |> Map.tryfind key) with
| Some(value) -> printfn "%s" value
| None -> printfn "Key %s not found" key

if pets.ContainsKey("joe") then printfn "%s" pets.["joe"]

if pets.ContainsKey("joe") then printfn "%s" (pets.["joe"] :?> string)

Add an entry to a map

Given an empty pets map, add the mapping from "rob" to "dog"

python

pets['rob'] = 'dog'

clojure

(assoc {} 'rob 'dog)

erlang

Pets1 = dict:store(rob, dog, Pets0).

ets:insert(Pets, {rob, dog}).

Pets1 = gb_trees:enter(rob, dog, Pets0).

fantom

map["rob"] = "dog"

fsharp

pets <- (Map.add "rob" "dog" pets)

pets.Add("rob", "dog")

Remove an entry from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} remove the mapping for "bill" and print "canary"

python

print pets.pop('bill')

clojure

; Maps are immutable
; The following expression will return a new map without the 'bill key
(let [pets '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary}]
(println (get pets 'bill))
(dissoc pets 'bill))

erlang

Pet = dict:fetch(bill, Pets0), Pets1 = dict:erase(bill, Pets0), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

Pet = ets:lookup_element(Pets, bill, 2), ets:delete(Pets, bill), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

{value, Pet} = gb_trees:lookup(bill, Pets0), Pets1 = gb_trees:delete(bill, Pets0), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

fantom

pet := map.remove("bill")
echo ("pet=$pet")

fsharp

let key = "bill"
match (pets |> Map.tryFind key) with
| Some(value) -> pets <- (Map.remove key pets) ; printfn "%s : %s removed" key value
| None -> printfn "Key %s not found" key

let key = "bill"
let entry = if (pets.ContainsKey(key)) then Some(pets.[key]) ; else None
pets.Remove(key)

match entry with
| Some(value) -> printfn "%s" value
| None -> printfn "key not found"

Algorithms

Create a histogram map from a list

Given the list [a,b,a,c,b,b], produce a map {a:2, b:3, c:1} which contains the count of each unique item in the list

python

from collections import defaultdict
h = defaultdict(int)
for k in "abacbb":
h[k] += 1

h = {}
for k in "abacbb":
h[k] = h.setdefault(k, 0) + 1

from collections import Counter
h = Counter("abacbb")
print(h)

clojure

(let [l '[a b a c b b]]
(loop [m {}
d (distinct l)]
(let [item (first d)]
(if (zero? (count d))
m
(recur
(assoc m
item
(count
(filter #(= item %) l)))
(rest d))))))

(->> [:a :b :a :c :b :b]
(group-by identity)
(reduce (fn [m e] (assoc m (first e) (count (second e)))) {}))

(reduce conj {} (for [[x xs] (group-by identity "abacbb")] [x (count xs)]))

(frequencies ["a","b","a","c","b","b"])

(frequencies '[a b a c b b])

erlang

% Imperative Solution
Histogram = histogram(List),

% Functional (1) Solution
Histogram = histogram(List),

lists:foldl(fun(Elem, OldDict) ->
dict:update_counter(Elem, 1, OldDict)
end,
dict:new(),
[a,b,a,c,b,b])).

fantom

list := ["a","b","a","c","b","b"]
map := [Str:Int][:]
list.each |Str s, Int i| { if(!map.containsKey(s)) map.add(s,1); else map[s] = ++map[s] }
echo (map)

fsharp

let histogram = (List.foldLeft (fun (acc : Map<char, int>) (e : char) -> if (Map.mem e acc) then (Map.add e ((Map.find e acc) + 1) acc) ; else (Map.add e 1 acc)) (Map.empty) list)

let histogram list =
let rec histogram' list' dict' =
match list' with
| [] -> dict'
| x :: xs ->
match Map.tryFind x dict' with
| Some(Value) -> histogram' xs (Map.add x (Value + 1) dict')
| None -> histogram' xs (Map.add x 1 dict')
histogram' list Map.empty

// ------

let histogram' = histogram list

let histogram = (List.foldLeft (fun (acc : Generic.Dictionary<char, int>) (e : char) -> (if acc.ContainsKey(e) then acc.[e] <- acc.[e] + 1 ; else acc.Add(e, 1)) ; acc) (new Generic.Dictionary<char, int>()) list)

let histogram =
list
|> Seq.groupBy (fun a -> a)
|> Seq.map(fun (key, elements) -> key, Seq.length elements)
|> Map.ofSeq

Categorise a list

Given the list [one, two, three, four, five] produce a map {3:[one, two], 4:[four, five], 5:[three]} which sorts elements into map entries based on their length

python

c = defaultdict(list)
for k in ["one", "two", "four", "three", "five"]:
c[len(k)].append(k)

from itertools import groupby
lst = ["one", "two", "four", "three", "five"]
c = dict((k, list(g)) for k,g in
groupby(sorted(lst, key=lambda x: len(x)), key=lambda x: len(x)))
print(c)

clojure

(loop [m {}
l ["one" "two" "three" "four" "five"]]
(if (zero? (count l))
m
(let [item (first l)
key (count item)]
(recur
(assoc m key (cons item (get m key [])))
(rest l)))))

(group-by count ["one" "two" "three" "four" "five"])

erlang

% Imperative Solution
CatList = categorise(List),

% Functional (1) Solution
CatList = categorise(List),

fantom

list := ["one", "two", "three", "four", "five"]
map := [Int:List][:]
list.each { List l := map[it.size] ?: [,]; map[it.size] = l.add(it) }
echo(map)

fsharp

let catmap = (List.foldLeft (fun (acc : Map<int, List<string> >) (e : string) -> if (Map.mem e.Length acc) then (Map.add e.Length ((Map.find e.Length acc) @ [e]) acc) ; else (Map.add e.Length [e] acc)) (Map.empty) list)

let lengthMap =
["one"; "two"; "three"; "four"; "five"]
|> Seq.groupBy (fun s -> s.Length)
|> Seq.map (fun (length, entries) -> (length, entries |> List.ofSeq))
|> Map.ofSeq

Structure

Conditionals

Perform an action if a condition is true (IF .. THEN)

Given a variable name, if the value is "Bob", display the string "Hello, Bob!". Perform no action if the name is not equal.

python

if name == 'Bob':
print 'Hello, Bob!'

clojure

(def person "Bob")
(if (= person "Bob")
(println "Hello, Bob!"))

erlang

if (Name == "Bob") -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; true -> false end.

case Name of "Bob" -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; _ -> false end.

Name == "Bob" andalso (begin io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]), true end).

fantom

if (name=="Bob") echo("Hello, Bob!")

fsharp

if name = "Bob" then printfn "Hello, %s!" name

name = "Bob" && begin printfn "Hello, %s!" name ; true end

Perform different actions depending on a boolean condition (IF .. THEN .. ELSE)

Given a variable age, if the value is greater than 42 display "You are old", otherwise display "You are young"

python

if age > 42:
print 'You are old'
else:
print 'You are young'

print age > 42 and 'You are old' or 'You are young'

clojure

(def age 41)
(if (> age 42) "You are old" "You are young")

erlang

if Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; true -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

Message = if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).

case Age > 42 of true -> io:format("You are old~n") ; false -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; _ -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

Message = case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> "old" ; _ -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).

Age > 42 andalso (begin io:format("You are old~n"), true end) orelse (begin io:format("You are young~n"), true end).

(fun (X) when X > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); (_) -> io:format("You are young~n") end)(Age).

(fun () when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); () -> io:format("You are young~n") end)().

io:format("You are ~s~n", [if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end]).

fantom

if (age > 42)
echo("You are old")
else
echo("You are young")

echo((age > 42) ? "You are old" : "You are young")

fsharp

if age > 42 then printfn "You are old" else printfn "You are young"

let message = if age > 42 then "old" else "young"
printfn "You are %s" message

Perform different actions depending on several boolean conditions (IF .. THEN .. ELSIF .. ELSE)

python

if age > 84:
print 'You are really ancient'
elif age > 30:
print 'You are middle-aged'
else:
print 'You are young'

clojure

(println
(condp <= age
84 "You are really ancient"
30 "You are middle aged"
"You are young"))

erlang

if
Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.

case Age of
_ when Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
_ when Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.

fantom

if (age > 84)
echo("You are really ancient")
else if (age > 30)
echo("You are middle-aged")
else
echo("You are young")

fsharp

if age > 84 then printfn "You are really ancient"
elif age > 30 then printfn "You are middle-aged"
else printfn "You are young"

let message = match age with
| _ when age > 84 -> "really ancient"
| _ when age > 30 -> "middle-aged"
| _ -> "young"
printfn "You are %s" message

Replacing a conditional with many branches with a switch/case statement

Many languages support more compact forms of branching than just if ... then ... else such as switch or case or match. Use such a form to add an appropriate placing suffix to the numbers 1..40, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, ..., 11th, 12th, ... 39th, 40th

python

def affix(num):
num = num == 1 and str(num) + 'st' or num == 2 and str(num) + 'nd' or \
num == 3 and str(num) +'rd' or str(num) + 'th'
return num

print [affix(x) for x in xrange(1,41)]

clojure

(def n 112)

(println (str n
(let [rem (mod n 100)]
(if (and (>= rem 11) (<= rem 13))
"th"
(condp = (mod n 10)
1 "st"
2 "nd"
3 "rd"
"th")))))

erlang

Suffix = case Num of
N when N > 10, N < 20 -> "th";
N when N rem 10 =:= 1 -> "st";
N when N rem 10 =:= 2 -> "nd";
N when N rem 10 =:= 3 -> "rd";
_ -> "th"
end,
io_lib:format("~w~s", [Num, Suffix])

fantom

suffix := |Int n -> Str|
{
if ((4..20).contains(n % 100))
return "th"

switch((n.toStr)[-1])
{
case '1': return "st"
case '2': return "nd"
case '3': return "rd"
default: return "th"
}
}

(1..40).each { echo("$it${suffix(it)}") }

fsharp

let suffix = function
| n when n > 10 && n < 20 -> "th"
| n when n % 10 = 1 -> "st"
| n when n % 10 = 2 -> "nd"
| n when n % 10 = 3 -> "rd"
| _ -> "th"

seq { 1 .. 40 }
|> Seq.iter (fun n -> printfn "%i%s" n (suffix n))

Loops

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked before the first action (WHILE .. DO)

Starting with a variable x=1, Print the sequence "1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128," by doubling x and checking that x is less than 150.

python

x = 1
while x < 150:
print '%s, ' % x,
x *= 2

clojure

(take-while #(< % 150) (iterate #(* 2 %) 1))

erlang

X = 1, print_while_X_less_150(X).

Pred = fun (X) -> X < 150 end,
Action = fun (X) -> io:format("~B,", [X]), X * 2 end,
X = 1,

while_do(Pred, Action, X).

fantom

x := 1
while (x < 150) {
Env.cur.out.print("$x,")
x *= 2
}
echo

fsharp

let mutable x = 1
while x < 150 do printf "%d, " x ; (x <- x * 2) done

// The problem is clearly geared towards imperative languages ;-)
// No need to mutate any variable, here's how to do it loop-free functional:
let rec powers2 i = seq { if i < 150 then yield i; yield! powers2 (i*2) }
powers2 1 |> Seq.iter (fun i -> printf "%i, " i)

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked after the first action (DO .. WHILE)

Simulate rolling a die until you get a six. Produce random numbers, printing them until a six is rolled. An example output might be "4,2,1,2,6"

python

import random, itertools

def dice():
while True:
yield random.randint(1,6)

print ", ".join(str(d) for d in itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x < 6, dice()))

clojure

(loop [r (rand-int 6)]
(if (= r 5)
nil
(do
(println r)
(recur (rand-int 6)))))

erlang

Pred = fun (DiceRoll) -> DiceRoll =/= 6 end,
Action = fun (DiceRoll) -> io:format("~B,", [DiceRoll]), dice_roll() end,

do_while(Pred, Action, dice_roll()).

-module(dice).
-export([start/0]).

start() ->
roll(dice_roll()).

roll(6) ->
io:format("6~n", []);
roll(N) ->
io:format("~B,", [N]),
roll(dice_roll()).

dice_roll() -> random:uniform(6).

fantom

rnd := 0
while(rnd != 6) {
rnd = Int.random(1..6)
Env.cur.out.print(rnd)
if (rnd != 6)
Env.cur.out.print(",")
}
echo

fsharp

open System
let rand = Random()

Seq.initInfinite (fun _ -> rand.Next(1, 7))
|> Seq.takeWhile (fun x -> x < 6)
|> fun items -> String.Join(",", items)
|> function s when s = "" -> printfn "6" | s -> printfn "%s,6" s

Perform an action a fixed number of times (FOR)

Display the string "Hello" five times like "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello"

python

print "Hello" * 5

for i in range(5):
print "Hello"

clojure

(dotimes [_ 5]
(print "Hello"))

erlang

dotimes(5, fun () -> io:format("Hello") end).

lists:foreach(fun (_) -> io:format("Hello") end, lists:seq(1, 5)).

fantom

5.times { Env.cur.out.print("Hello") }

for (i := 0; i < 5; i++)
Env.cur.out.print("Hello")

(1..5).each { Env.cur.out.print("Hello") }

fsharp

for i = 1 to 5 do printf "Hello" done

dotimes 5 (fun () -> printf "Hello")

// Repetition via ranging over a List type(index ignored)
for _ in list do printf "Hello" done

// Repetition via ranging over a Sequence type(index ignored)
for _ in sequence do printf "Hello" done

// Repetition via ranging over an Array type(index ignored)
for _ in array do printf "Hello" done

Perform an action a fixed number of times with a counter

Display the string "10 .. 9 .. 8 .. 7 .. 6 .. 5 .. 4 .. 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. Liftoff!"

python

print " .. ".join(str(i) for i in range(10, 0, -1)), ".. liftoff!"

clojure

(dotimes [i 10]
(print (str (- 10 i) " .. ")))

(println "Liftoff!")

erlang

fromto(10, 1, -1, fun (X) -> io:format("~B .. ", [X]) end), io:format("Liftoff!~n").

lists:foreach(fun (X) -> io:format("~B .. ", [X]) end, lists:seq(10, 1, -1)), io:format("Liftoff!~n").

fantom

(10..1).each { Env.cur.out.print("$it .. ") }
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")

for (i := 10; i >= 1; i--)
Env.cur.out.print("$i .. ")
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")

fsharp

for i = 10 downto 1 do printf "%d .. " i done
printfn "Liftoff!"

// Repetition via ranging over a Sequence type
for i in {10 .. -1 .. 1} do printf "%d .. " i done ; printfn "Liftoff!"

Files

Reading

Read the contents of a file into a string

python

contents = open('myFile.txt', 'rt').read()

clojure

(slurp "/tmp/foobar")

erlang

Text = readfile("Solution607.erl"),

Text = readfile("Solution608.erl"),

fantom

contents := File(`file.text`).readAllStr

fsharp

let file = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Open)
let buffer = new String((new BinaryReader(file)).ReadChars(Convert.ToInt32(file.Length)))

let stream = new StreamReader("test.txt")
let buffer = stream.ReadToEnd()

let buffer = File.ReadAllText("test.txt")

Process a file one line at a time

Open the source file to your solution and print each line in the file, prefixed by the line number, like:
1> First line of file
2> Second line of file
3> Third line of file

python

for no, line in enumerate(open(__file__)):
print "{0}> {1}".format(no+1, line.rstrip())

clojure

(defn read-line-by-line [fn]
(reduce str (map (partial format "%d> %s\n")
(iterate inc 1)
(read-lines fn))))

erlang

Reader = fun (IODevice) -> io:get_line(IODevice, "") end,
Worker = fun (Line, N) -> io:format("~B> ~s", [N, Line]), N + 1 end,

while_not_eof("Solution609.erl", Reader, Worker, 1).

Reader = fun (Filename) -> {ok, Contents} = file:read_file(Filename), Contents end,
Transformer = fun (Line, N) -> string:concat(string:concat(integer_to_list(N), "> "), Line) end,
Printer = fun (Line) -> io:format("~s~n", [Line]) end,

Lines = string:tokens(binary_to_list(Reader("Solution610.erl")), "\n"),
NewLines = lists:zipwith(Transformer, Lines, lists:seq(1, length(Lines))),
lists:foreach(Printer, NewLines).

fantom

File(`input.text`).readAllLines.each |Str s, Int i| { echo("${i+1}> $s") }

fsharp

let stream = new StreamReader("test.txt")
let mutable i = 1
let mutable line = stream.ReadLine()
while (line <> null) do printfn "%d> %s" i line ; line <- stream.ReadLine() ; i <- i + 1 done
stream.Close()

let proc_a_line (filename : string) proc =
let stream = new StreamReader(filename)
let rec proc_a_line' count line =
match line with
| null -> stream.Close()
| _ -> proc count line ; proc_a_line' (count + 1) (stream.ReadLine())
proc_a_line' 1 (stream.ReadLine())

// ------

let _ = proc_a_line "test.txt" (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" i line)

let reader(filename : string) = seq {
use sr = new StreamReader(filename)
while not sr.EndOfStream do
let line = sr.ReadLine()
yield line
done
}

// ------

reader("test.txt") |> Seq.iteri (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" (i + 1) line)

File.ReadAllLines("test.txt") |> Array.iteri (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" (i + 1) line)

// Unlike ReadAllLines, ReadLines (new in .NET 4) only reads the file
// one line at a time, rather than reading the entire file into an array first.

open System.IO
File.ReadLines("test.txt") |> Seq.iteri (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" (i + 1) line)

Writing

Write a string to a file

python

open('test.txt', 'wt').write('Hello World!')

clojure

(with-out-writer "output.txt" (println "Hello file!"))

erlang

Line = "This line overwites file contents!\n",
{ok, IODevice} = file:open("test.txt", [write]), file:write(IODevice, Line), file:close(IODevice).

fantom

File(`out.txt`).out.writeChars("some text").flush

fsharp

let stream = new StreamWriter("test.txt", false)
stream.WriteLine("This line overwrites file contents!")

Append to a file

python

open('test.txt', 'at').write('Hello World!\n')

clojure

(with-out-append-writer "output.txt" (println "This is appended to the file"))

erlang

Line = "This line appended to file!\n",
{ok, IODevice} = file:open("test.txt", [append]), file:write(IODevice, Line), file:close(IODevice).

fantom

File(`out.txt`).out(true).writeChars("some text").flush

fsharp

let stream = new StreamWriter("test.txt", true)
stream.WriteLine("This line appended to file!")

Directories

Process each file in a directory

python

import os
results = (process(f) for f in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isfile(f))

clojure

; (defn process-file [f] "process one file" body...)
(map process-file (.listFiles (File. ".")))

erlang

% File basenames only - many tasks require absolute paths to work
lists:foreach(fun (FileOrDirPath) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath) end, file:list_dir(Directory)).

% Absolute paths provided - will accomodate most tasks
lists:foreach(fun (FileOrDirPath) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath) end, list_dir_path(Directory)).

fantom

File(`./`).list.each { process(it) }

fsharp

let dirname = "c:\\"

let processFile filename = printfn "%s" filename
for filename in Directory.GetFiles(dirname) do processFile filename done

let dirname = "c:\\"

Directory.GetFiles(dirname) |> Array.iter (fun filename -> printfn "%s" filename)

Process each file in a directory recursively

python

import os
results = (process(os.path.join(p, n)) for p,d,l in os.walk(".") for n in l)

clojure

; (defn process-file [f] "process one file" body...)
(map process-file (file-seq (File. ".")))

erlang

filelib:fold_files(Directory, ".*", true, fun (FileOrDirPath, Acc) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath), Acc end, []).

process_dir(Directory, Worker).

fantom

File(`./`).walk { process(it) }

fsharp

let processDirectory dirname proc =
let rec processDirectory' dirname' =
Directory.GetFiles(dirname') |> Array.iter proc
Directory.GetDirectories(dirname') |> Array.iter processDirectory'
processDirectory' dirname

// ------

let dirname = "c:\\"

processDirectory dirname (fun filename -> printfn "%s" filename)

Dates

Parsing

Parse a date and time from a string

Given the string "2008-05-06 13:29", parse it as a date representing 6th March, 2008 1:29:00pm in the local time zone.

python

import time
time.strptime("2008-05-06 13:29", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")

clojure

(.. (SimpleDateFormat. "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm")
(parse "2008-05-06 13:29"))

erlang

% AFAIK, no datetime-parsing library exists; 'parse_to_datetime' is a simplistic, problem-specific hack
LocalDateTime = erlang:universaltime_to_localtime(parse_to_datetime("2008-05-06 13:29:34")),

fantom

dt := DateTime.fromLocale("2008-05-06 13:29", "YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm")

fsharp

let dateTime = DateTimeOffset.Parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

// Use format specifiers to appropriately format string
// 1. Default culture
printfn "%s" (dateTime.ToString("d MMMM, yyyy h:mm:sstt"))

// 2. Nominated culture
Console.WriteLine("{0}", dateTime.ToString("d MMMM, yyyy h:mm:sstt"), Globalization.CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-us"))

let dateTime = DateTimeOffset.Parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

// Customize date/time string
let dsb = ((new StringBuilder(40)).Append(dateTime.ToString("%d")).Append("th ").Append(dateTime.ToString("MMMM, yyyy h:mm:ss")).Append(dateTime.ToString("tt").ToLower()))

printfn "%s" (dsb.ToString())

Printing

Display information about a date

Display the day of month, day of year, month name and day name of the day 8 days from now.

python

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

eightDaysFromNow = datetime.now() + timedelta(days=8)

print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%d') # day of month
print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%j') # day of year
print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%B') # month name FULL
print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%A') # day of week name FULL

clojure

(let [cal (Calendar/getInstance)]
(.add cal Calendar/DAY_OF_YEAR 8)
(println (.format (SimpleDateFormat. "d, D, MMMM, EEEE")
(.getTime cal))))

fantom

date := Date.today + 8day
echo(date.day)
echo(date.dayOfYear)
echo(date.month.localeFull)
echo(date.weekday.localeFull)

fsharp

Using F# interactive

> let Then = DateTime.Now.AddDays(8.0)
- let dayNumber = Then.DayOfYear.ToString()
- let solution = Then.ToString("dd " + dayNumber + " MMMM dddd");;

val Then : DateTime = 08/08/2010 08:58:05
val dayNumber : string = "220"
val solution : string = "08 220 August Sunday"

>

Display a date in different locales

Display a language/locale friendly version of New Year's Day for 2009 for several languages/locales. E.g. for languages English, French, German, Italian, Dutch the output might be something like:

Thursday, January 1, 2009
jeudi 1 janvier 2009
giovedì 1 gennaio 2009
Donnerstag, 1. Januar 2009
donderdag 1 januari 2009

(Indicate in comments where possible if any language specific or operating system configuration needs to be in place.)

python

from datetime import datetime
from locale import setlocale, LC_TIME

now = datetime(2009, 1, 1)

locales = ('en_us', 'fr_fr', 'it_it', 'de_de', 'nl_nl')
for locale in locales:
setlocale(LC_TIME, locale)
print now.strftime('%A, %B %d %Y')

clojure

(let [time (.getTime (GregorianCalendar. 2009 Calendar/JANUARY 1))]
(doseq [locale ["en" "fr" "it" "de" "nl"]]
(println (.format (DateFormat/getDateInstance DateFormat/FULL
(Locale. locale))
time))))

fantom

// May require modification of Fantom distribution t
// for undefined locales - basically just create a '<locale-name>.props' plain text file with values like this:
// sunAbbr=Sun
// ..
// sunFull=Sunday
["en", "fr", "ru"].map { Locale(it) }.each |Locale l| {
l.use { echo(Date(2009, Month.jan, 1).toLocale("WWWW, MMMM D, YYYY")) }
}

fsharp

open System
open System.Globalization

let jan1 = DateTime(2009, 1, 1)

[ "en-US"; "fr-FR"; "de-DE"; "it-IT"; "nl-NL" ]
|> List.map CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture
|> List.map (fun c -> jan1.ToString("D", c))
|> List.iter (printfn "%s")

Creation

Display the current date and time

Create a Date object representing the current date and time. Print it out.
If you can also do this without creating a Date object you can show that too.

python

from datetime import datetime
print datetime.utcnow()

clojure

(import 'java.util.Date)

(println (str (Date.)))

erlang

io:format("~p~n", [calendar:local_time()])

fantom

echo(DateTime.now)

fsharp

printfn "%A" System.DateTime.Now

OOP

Basics

Define a class

Declare a class named Greeter that takes a string on creation and greets using this string if you call the "greet" method.

python

class Greeter(object):
""" Greet someone.
"""
def __init__(self, whom):
self._whom = whom
def greet(self):
print "Hello, %s!" % self._whom

Greeter("world").greet()

clojure

(defprotocol IGreeter
(greet [this]))

(deftype Greeter [whom]
IGreeter
(greet [this]
(println (str "Hello, " whom))))

(greet (Greeter. "world"))

(defn greeter [whom]
{:whom whom})

(defn greet [g]
(println (str "Hello, " (:whom g))))

(greet (greeter "world"))

erlang

Greeter = make_greeter("world!"),
Greeter(greet).

fantom

class Greeter
{
private Str whom
new make(Str whom) { this.whom = whom }
Void greet() { echo("Hello, $whom") }
}

Greeter("world").greet

fsharp

type Greeter(whom' : string) =
member this.greet() = printfn "Hello, %s!" whom'

(new Greeter("world")).greet()

type Greeter(whom' : string) =
let whom : string = whom'
member this.greet() = printfn "Hello, %s!" whom

(new Greeter("world")).greet()

type Greeter =
class
val whom : string
new(whom') = { whom = whom' }
member this.greet() = printfn "Hello, %s!" this.whom
end

(new Greeter("world")).greet()

Instantiate object with mutable state

Reimplement the Greeter class so that the 'whom' property or data member remains private but is mutable, and is provided with getter and setter methods. Invoke the setter to change the greetee, invoke 'greet', then use the getter in displaying the line, "I have just greeted {whom}.".

For example, if the greetee is changed to 'Tommy' using the setter, the 'greet' method would display:

Hello, Tommy!

The getter would then be used to display the line:

I have just greeted Tommy.

python

class Greeter(object):
_whom = None

def __init__(self, whom):
self._whom = whom

@property
def whom(self):
return self._whom

@propset(whom)
def whom(self, value=None):
self._whom = value

def greet(self):
print 'Helo, %s!' % self._whom

greeter = Greeter('Winston')
greeter.greet()
greeter.whom = 'Tommy'
greeter.greet()

# required for Python 2.5 or less
def propset(prop):
assert isinstance(prop, property)
def helper(func):
return property(prop.fget, func, prop.fdel, prop.__doc__)
return helper

class Greeter(object):
_whom = None

def __init__(self, whom):
self._whom = whom

@property
def whom(self):
return self._whom

@propset(whom)
def whom(self, value=None):
self._whom = value

def greet(self):
print 'Helo, %s!' % self._whom

greeter = Greeter('Winston')
greeter.greet()
greeter.whom = 'Tommy'
greeter.greet()

clojure

(defn greeter [whom]
(atom {:whom whom}))

(defn get-whom [g]
(:whom @g))

(defn set-whom [g whom]
(swap! g #(conj % {:whom whom})))

(defn greet [g]
(println (str "Hello, " (:whom @g) "!")))

; using the "class"
(let [g (greeter "world")]
(greet g)
(set-whom g "Tommy")
(greet g)
(println (str "I have just greeted " (get-whom g) ".")))

; or same effect without using any variables
(println (str "I have just greeted "
(get-whom (doto (greeter "world")
(greet)
(set-whom "Tommy")
(greet)))
"."))

fantom

class Greeter
{
new make(Str whom) { this.whom = whom }
Void greet() { echo("Hello, $whom!") }
Str whom
}

greeter := Greeter("world")
greeter.greet
greeter.whom = "Tommy"
echo("I have just greeted ${greeter.whom}.")

fsharp

type Greeter(name:string) =
let mutable whom = name

member this.Whom
with get () = whom
and set v = whom <- v

member this.Greet() =
printfn "Hello, %s!" whom

let greeter = Greeter("World")
greeter.Greet()
greeter.Whom <- "Tommy"
greeter.Greet()
printfn "I have just greeted %s." greeter.Whom

Inheritance

Implement Inheritance Heirarchy

Implement a Shape abstract class which will form the base of an inheritance hierarchy that models 2D geometric shapes. It will have:

* A non-mutable 'name' property or data member set by derived or descendant classes at construction time
* A 'area' method intended to be overridden by derived or descendant classes ( double precision floating point return value)
* A 'print' method (also for overriding) will display the shape

's name, area, and all shape-specific values



Two derived or descendant classes will be created:

* Circle    -> Constructor requires a '

radius' argument, and a 'circumference

' method to be implemented  

* Rectangle -> Constructor requires '

length' and 'breadth' arguments, and a 'perimeter

' method to be implemented 



Instantiate an object of each class, and invoke each objects '

print' method to show relevant details.

python

#Start with the import statements.
import math # necessary to get the value of pi

class Shape(object):
"""Shape Class"""
def __init__(self):
"""Constructor method"""
pass #Do nothing here
def area(self):
"""The area method"""
pass #Do nothing here
def print_(self):
"""
The print method. Note the trailing underscore - this is because
there is a reserved statement called 'print' in python 2.x. The
trailing underscore is the accepted method of re-using names without
rebinding them
"""
print 'The name is: %s' % self.name #Print the only property we currently have

def _getName(self):
"""The getter method for the 'name' property.
Note that getter methods are generally discouraged in python"""
return self._name

_name = None # The leading underscore gives a weak non-public value
# to a variable. Two leading underscores will mangle its
# name at runtime, to make it more difficult to access.
# Note there is no real 'private' variable type in python.
name = property(_getName, doc='The name of this object')
# property statements work like: property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

class Circle(Shape):
"""Circle Class - a sub class of shape"""
def __init__(self, radius, name='Circle'):
"""Constructor method again"""
Shape.__init__(self) # init the super class
self.radius = radius # Store the radius
self._setCircumference()# Function call
self._name = name

def _setCircumference(self):
self.circumference = 2*math.pi*self.radius

def area(self):
'''Return the area of this circle'''
tmpAera = math.pi * self.radius**2
return tmpAera
def print_(self):
'''The print method'''
super(Circle, self).print_() # This calls the print_ method in
# the super classes of Circle, in
# this case Shape
print 'The radius is: %f' % self.radius
print 'The circumference is %f' % self.circumference
print 'The area is: %f' % self.area()

class Rectangle(Shape):
"""The Rectangle Class"""
def __init__(self, length, breadth, name='Rectangle'):
Shape.__init__(self)
self._name = name
self.length = length
self.breadth = breadth
self.perimeter()
def area(self):
return self.breadth*self.length
def perimeter(self):
self._perimeter = self.breadth*2+self.length*2
return self._perimeter # You have a method return a value and still
# safely call it without handling the return
# value. This would be collected by garbage
# collection.
def print_(self):
super(Rectangle, self).print_()
print 'The length is %f and the breadth is %f' %(self.length, self.breadth)
print 'The perimeter is: %f' %self._perimeter
print 'The area is: %f' % self.area()

if __name__ == '__main__':
rectangle = Rectangle(5,3)
circle = Circle(5, name='Round and Round')
rectangle.print_()
circle.print_()

clojure

(defmulti area :Shape)
(defmulti print :Shape)

; Circle methods
(defn circle [r]
{:Shape :Circle
:name "Circle"
:radius r})

(defn circumference [c]
(* 2 Math/PI (:radius c)))

(defmethod area :Circle [c]
(* Math/PI (:radius c) (:radius c)))

(defmethod print :Circle [c]
(println (format "I am a %s with ->" (:name c)))
(println (format "Radius: %.2f" (:radius c)))
(println (format "Area: %.2f" (area c)))
(println (format "Circumference: %.2f" (circumference c))))

; Rectangle methods
(defn rectangle [l b]
{:Shape :Rectangle
:name "Rectangle"
:length l
:breadth b})

(defn perimeter [r]
(+ (* 2 (:length r)) (* 2 (:breadth r))))

(defmethod area :Rectangle [r]
(* (:length r) (:breadth r)))

(defmethod print :Rectangle [r]
(println (format "I am a %s with ->" (:name r)))
(println (format "Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f" (:length r) (:breadth r)))
(println (format "Area: %.2f" (area r)))
(println (format "Perimeter: %.2f" (perimeter r))))

; usage of the "classes"
(let [shapes (list (circle 4.2) (rectangle 2.7 3.1) (rectangle 6.2 2.6) (circle 17.3))]
(doseq [shape shapes]
(print shape)))

fantom

abstract class Shape
{
const Str name
new make(Str name) { this.name = name }
abstract Float area()
abstract Void print()
}

class Circle : Shape
{
private Float radius

new make(Float radius) : super("circle") { this.radius = radius }
Float circumference() { return 2 * Float.pi * radius }
override Float area() { return Float.pi * radius.pow(2.0f) }
override Void print()
{
echo("I am a $name with radius $radius, area $area
and circumference $circumference")
}
}

class Rectangle : Shape
{
private Float length
private Float breadth

new make(Float length, Float breadth) : super("rectangle")
{
this.length = length
this.breadth = breadth
}
Float perimeter() { return 2 * (length + breadth) }
override Float area() { return length * breadth }
override Void print()
{
echo("I am a $name with length $length, breadth $breadth,
area $area and perimeter $perimeter")
}
}

circle := Circle(4.0f)
circle.print
rectangle := Rectangle(2.0f, 5.5f)
rectangle.print

fsharp

[<AbstractClass>]
type Shape(name:string) =
member this.Name = name
abstract Area : float
abstract Print : unit -> unit

type Circle(name, radius:float) =
inherit Shape(name)
member this.Radius = radius
member this.Circumference =
System.Math.PI * radius * 2.
override this.Area =
System.Math.PI * radius * radius
override this.Print() =
printfn "Circle: %s" this.Name
printfn "Area: %f" this.Area
printfn "Circumference: %f" this.Circumference
printfn "Radius: %f" this.Radius

type Rectangle(name, length:float, breadth:float) =
inherit Shape(name)
member this.Length = length
member this.Breadth = breadth
member this.Perimiter =
(length * 2.) + (breadth * 2.)
override this.Area =
length * breadth
override this.Print() =
printfn "Rectangle: %s" this.Name
printfn "Area: %f" this.Area
printfn "Perimiter: %f" this.Perimiter
printfn "Length: %f" this.Length
printfn "Breadth: %f" this.Breadth

let c = Circle("Foo", 2.1)
let r = Rectangle("Bar", 2.2, 3.3)

c.Print()
printfn ""
r.Print()

Implement and use an Interface

Create a Serializable interface consisting of 'save' and 'restore' methods, each of which:

* Accept a stream or handle or descriptor argument for the source or destination
* Save to destination or restore from source the properties or data members of the implementing class (restrict yourself to the primitive types 'int' and 'string')

Next, create a Person class which has 'name' and 'age' properties or data members and implements this interface. Instantiate a Person object, save it to a serial stream, and instantiate a new Person object by restoring it from the serial stream.

python

import pickle

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
return "Name: {name}, age: {age}".format(name=self.name, age=self.age)

person = Person("Gaylord Focker", 21)
with open("person.pickle", "wb") as outstream:
pickle.dump(person, outstream)
with open("person.pickle", "rb") as instream:
deserialized_person = pickle.load(instream)
print(deserialized_person)

clojure

(defn person [name age]
{:name name :age age})

(defn show [p]
(println (format "Name=%s Age=%d" (:name p) (:age p))))

(defn save [p filename]
(with-out-writer filename (pr p)))

(defn restore [filename]
(read (PushbackReader. (reader filename))))

(let [p (person "Ken" 38)]
(show p)
(save p *person-fn*))

(let [ser-p (restore *person-fn*)]
(show ser-p))

fantom

@Serializable
class Person
{
Str name
Int age
new make(|This| f) { f(this) }
}

person := Person() { name="Tom Bones"; age=23 }
File(`tommy.dump`).out.writeObj(person).close
Person tom := File(`tommy.dump`).in.readObj

fsharp

// Since everyone else is using built-in functionality instead of
// defining an interface as required, I won't buck the trend.
// Maybe this problem should be named "Use serialization features" instead
// of "Implement and use an Interface"

open System
open System.IO
open System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary

[<Serializable>]
type Person(name:string, age:int) =
member this.Name = name
member this.Age = age

let serialize x =
use ms = new MemoryStream()
let bf = new BinaryFormatter()
bf.Serialize(ms, x)
ms.ToArray()

let deserialize<'a> bytes =
use ms = new MemoryStream(bytes:byte[])
let bf = new BinaryFormatter()
bf.Deserialize(ms) :?> 'a

let before = Person("Joel", 35)
let bytes = serialize before
let after = deserialize<Person> bytes

printfn "Before: %s, %i" before.Name before.Age
printfn "After: %s, %i" after.Name after.Age

Networking

HTTP

Check your language appears on the langref.org site

Your language name should appear within the HTML found at the http://langreg.org main page.

python

from urllib import urlopen
print urlopen('http://langref.org').read().find('python') >= 0 and 'found' or 'not found'

clojure

(def *url* "http://langref.org/")
(def *lang* "clojure")

(with-open [ stream (.openStream (URL. *url*)) ]
(let [ body (str (line-seq (BufferedReader. (InputStreamReader. stream)))) ]
(str "Language " *lang* " does "
(if-not (re-matches (re-pattern (str ".*" *url* *lang* ".*")) body) "not ")
"exist")))

erlang

URL = "http://langref.org/", Language = "erlang", Regexp = ".*" ++ URL ++ Language ++ ".*",

case http:request(URL) of
{ok, {_, _, Body}} ->
case regexp:first_match(Body, Regexp) of
{match, _, _} -> io:format("Language ~s exists @ ~s~n", [Language, URL]);
_ -> false
end;
{error, ErrorInfo} -> throw("Error: " ++ http:format_error(ErrorInfo))
end,

fantom

language := "Fantom"
url := `http://langref.org/`

response := WebClient(url).getStr
if (Regex.fromStr("\\b$language.lower\\b").matcher(response).find)
echo("Language $language appears at ${url}.")

fsharp

let httpReq = (WebRequest.Create(url) :?> HttpWebRequest)
httpReq.KeepAlive <- false
let httpStream = new StreamReader(httpReq.GetResponse().GetResponseStream())
let htmlPage = httpStream.ReadToEnd()
httpStream.Close()

let offerStatus = (if (htmlPage.IndexOf(url ^ language) > 0) then "offers" ; else "does not offer")
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", url, offerStatus, language)

SMTP

Send an email

Use library functions, classes or objects to create a short email addressed to your own email address. The subject should be, "Greetings from langref.org", and the user should be prompted for the message body, and whether to cancel or proceed with sending the email.

python

import smtplib
import locale

from email.mime.text import MIMEText

encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()

def main():
smtp_servername = "smtp.example.com"

from_addr = "ernie@example.com"
to_addr = "cookie.monster@mailinator.com"

body = raw_input("Enter the email message ")
if not raw_input("Send email? y/N ") in ["y", "Y"]:
print "aborting"
return

message = MIMEText(body, _charset=encoding)

message["From"] = from_addr
message["To"] = to_addr
message["Subject"] = "Greetings from langref.org"

server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_servername)
server.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, message.as_string())

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

fantom

// read message body
echo("Enter message body. End the message with '.' character on a separate line:")
in := Env.cur.in
buf := StrBuf()
line := in.readLine;
while (line != null)
{
if (line.trim == ".")
break;
buf.add(line)
line = in.readLine
}

// construct email
email := Email
{
to = [ "someone@somewhere" ]
from = "me@mydomain"
subject = "Greetings from langref.org"
body = TextPart { text = buf.toStr }
}
mailClient := SmtpClient
{
host = "smtp.somewhere.net"
username = "me"
password = "my password"
log.level = LogLevel.debug
}

// send or abort
echo("Send email '$email.subject' to $email.to?: ");
line = in.readLine
echo("response=$line")
if (line?.trim.compareIgnoreCase("y") == 0)
mailClient.send(email)
else
echo("Aborted!")

fsharp

open System
open System.Net
open System.Net.Mail
open System.Net.Mime

let subject = "Greetings from langref.org"
let from = "username@gmail.com"
let destination = "username@gmail.com"

printfn "Write mail body (press 'Enter' when finished):"
let mutable body = Console.ReadLine()
if body = null || body.Length = 0 then
body <- "Hello World"

let mail = new MailMessage(from, destination, subject, body)

let smtpHost = "smtp.gmail.com"
let clientCredentials = new NetworkCredential("username@gmail.com", "password")
let smtpClient = new SmtpClient(smtpHost,587)
smtpClient.EnableSsl <- true
smtpClient.UseDefaultCredentials <- false
smtpClient.Credentials <- clientCredentials

printfn "Send email? y/n"
match Console.ReadLine() with
| "y" -> smtpClient.Send(mail);mail.Dispose();printfn "email delivered"
| "n" -> smtpClient.Dispose()
| _ -> smtpClient.Dispose()

XML

Parsing

Process an XML document

Given the XML Document:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>

Print out the total cost of the items, e.g. $14.50

python

from xml.dom.minidom import parseString
document = parseString(
"""<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>""").documentElement
total = sum([float(item.getAttribute('price')) *
int(item.getAttribute('quantity'))
for item in document.getElementsByTagName('item')])
print '$%.2f' % total

clojure

(println (format "Total cost of items are $%#.2f"
(->> (xml-seq (parse *xml-input-stream*))
(filter #(= :item (:tag %))) ; Remove all but the item tags
(map :attrs) ; Keep the attributes
(map (fn [e] (str "(* " (:quantity e) " " (:price e) ")"))) ; Get the total price as a sexp
(map read-string) ; "(* quantity price)" -> (* quantity price)
(map eval) ; (* quantity price) -> quantity*price
(apply +)))) ; Sum all elements

erlang

-include_lib("xmerl/include/xmerl.hrl").
-export([get_total/1]).

get_total(ShoppingList) ->
{XmlElt, _} = xmerl_scan:string(ShoppingList),
Items = xmerl_xpath:string("/shopping/item", XmlElt),
Total = lists:foldl(fun(Item, Tot) ->
[#xmlAttribute{value = PriceString}] = xmerl_xpath:string("/item/@price", Item),
{Price, _} = string:to_float(PriceString),
[#xmlAttribute{value = QuantityString}] = xmerl_xpath:string("/item/@quantity", Item),
{Quantity, _} = string:to_integer(QuantityString),
Tot + Price*Quantity
end,
0, Items),
io:format("$~.2f~n", [Total]).

fantom

sum := 0.0
root := XParser(File(`shop.xml`).in).parseDoc.root
if (root.name == "shopping")
{
root.elems.each
{
if (it.name == "item")
{
quantity := Int.fromStr(it.get("quantity"))
price := Decimal.fromStr(it.get("price"))
sum += quantity * price;
}
}
}
echo("\$$sum")

fsharp

#r @"C:\Program Files (x86)\Reference Assemblies\Microsoft\Framework\v3.5\System.Xml.Linq.dll"

open System
open System.Xml.Linq
//XElement Helper
let xname sname = XName.Get sname

let xmlsnippet =
let snippet = new XElement(xname "shopping")
//create bread
let bread = new XElement(xname "item")
bread.SetAttributeValue(xname "name","bread")
bread.SetAttributeValue(xname "quantity",3)
bread.SetAttributeValue(xname "price",2.50)
//add bread to snippet
snippet.Add(bread)
//create milk
let milk = new XElement(xname "item")
milk.SetAttributeValue(xname "name","milk")
milk.SetAttributeValue(xname "quantity",2)
milk.SetAttributeValue(xname "price",3.50)
//add milk to snippet
snippet.Add(milk)
snippet

let totalprice (xe: XElement) =
xe.Descendants(xname "item")
|> Seq.map(fun i -> Double.Parse(i.Attribute(xname "price").Value))
|> Seq.fold(fun acc x -> acc + x) 0.0

let xname sname = XName.Get sname
let xattr (elem: XElement) sname = elem.Attribute(xname sname).Value
let xml = XDocument.Load("xml.txt")

let shoppingCost =
xml.Descendants(xname "item")
|> Seq.map (fun i -> Double.Parse(xattr i "quantity"), Double.Parse(xattr i "price"))
|> Seq.sumBy (fun (quantity, price) -> quantity * price)

// Alternative solution that uses XML Navigation, and XPath expressions to ensure that
// the items have the required attributes
let xname sname = XName.Get sname
let xattr (elem: XElement) sname = elem.Attribute(xname sname).Value

let navigator = XPathDocument("xml.txt").CreateNavigator()
let path = XPathExpression.Compile("/shopping/item[@price][@quantity]")
let names = XmlNamespaceManager(navigator.NameTable)
path.SetContext(names)
let shoppingCost =
match path.ReturnType with
| XPathResultType.NodeSet ->
navigator.Select(path)
|> Seq.cast
|> Seq.map (fun (i: XPathNavigator) ->
if i.IsNode then
let elem = XElement.Parse(i.OuterXml)
Double.Parse(xattr elem "quantity"), Double.Parse(xattr elem "price")
else
failwith "Error in expression, expecting to see a node"
)
|> Seq.sumBy (fun (quantity, price) -> quantity * price)
| _ -> failwith "Error in expression, expecting to see a node set"

Creation

create some XML programmatically

Given the following CSV:

bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50

Produce the equivalent information in XML, e.g.:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50" />
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50" />
</shopping>

python

from xml.dom import minidom

csv = """bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50"""

doc = minidom.Document()
shopping = doc.createElement("shopping")

for line in csv.split("\n"):
name, quantity, price = line.split(",")
el = doc.createElement("item")
el.setAttribute("name", name)
el.setAttribute("quantity", quantity)
el.setAttribute("price", price)
shopping.appendChild(el)

print shopping.toprettyxml()

from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element, SubElement, tostring

csv = """bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50"""

root = Element('shopping')

for line in csv.split("\n"):
name, quantity, price = line.split(",")
SubElement(root,'item', {'name' : name,
'quantity' : quantity,
'price' : price })

print tostring(root)

clojure

(defn list->xml-item [lst]
(let [[name quantity price] (map str lst)]
{:tag :item
:attrs {:name name
:quantity quantity
:price price}}))

(defn cvs->xml [r]
(->> (map #(read-string (str "(" % ")")) (line-seq r))
(map list->xml-item)
(assoc {:tag :shopping} :content)
(emit)
(with-out-str)))

(println (cvs->xml *cvs-reader*))

erlang

to_xml(ShoppingList) ->
Items = lists:map(fun(L) ->
[Name, Quantity, Price] = string:tokens(L, ","),
{item, [{name, Name}, {quantity, Quantity}, {price, Price}], []}
end, string:tokens(ShoppingList, "\n")),
xmerl:export_simple([{shopping, [], Items}], xmerl_xml).

fantom

sum := 0.0
rows := CsvInStream(File(`shop.csv`).in).readAllRows

doc := XDoc()
doc.root = XElem("shopping")
{
root := it
rows.each |Str[] row|
{
root.add(XElem("item")
{
XAttr("name", row[0]),
XAttr("quantity", row[1]),
XAttr("price", row[2])
})
}
}

os := File(`shop.xml`).out
doc.write(os)
os.close

fsharp

#r "System.Xml.dll"
#r "System.Xml.Linq.dll"

open System
open System.Xml
open System.Xml.Linq

let data = "bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50"

let X name =
XName.Get(name)

let lines = data.Split( [|"\n" |], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)

let document = new XDocument()
let element = new XElement(X "shopping")
document.Add(element)

lines
|> Seq.iter (fun line ->
let items = line.Split([|','|])
let item = new XElement(X "item",
new XAttribute(X "name", items.[0]),
new XAttribute(X "quantity", items.[1]),
new XAttribute(X "price", items.[2]))
element.Add(item))

let output = document.ToString();;

Algorithms

Geometry

Find all Pythagorean triangles with length or height less than or equal to 20

Pythagorean triangles are right angle triangles whose sides comply with the following equation:

a * a + b * b = c * c

where c represents the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the other two sides. Find all such triangles where a, b and c are non-zero integers with a and b less than or equal to 20. Sort your results by the size of the hypotenuse. The expected answer is:

[3, 4, 5]
[6, 8, 10]
[5, 12, 13]
[9, 12, 15]
[8, 15, 17]
[12, 16, 20]
[15, 20, 25]

python

from math import sqrt

a = 1
ret = []
while a <= 20:
b = 1
while b <= 20:
c = sqrt((a**2)+(b**2))
if int(c) == c and sorted([a,b,int(c)]) not in ret:
ret.append(sorted([a,b,int(c)]))
b +=1
a +=1
print ret

or if you wanna get snarky..

print sorted(set([tuple(sorted((a,b,int(sqrt((a**2)+(b**2)))))) for a in xrange(1,21) for \
b in xrange(1,21) if int(sqrt((a**2)+(b**2))) == sqrt((a**2)+(b**2))]))

clojure

(defn pythagorean [a b c] (= (+ (* a a) (* b b)) (* c c)))

(defn intsqrt [cc]
(. (. Math sqrt cc) intValue)
)

(defn triples [maxSize]
(filter not-empty
(for [a (range 1 20) b (range a 20)]
(let [c (intsqrt (+ (* a a) (* b b)))]
(if (pythagorean a b c)
[a b c]
()
)))))

(triples 20)
; -> ([3 4 5] [5 12 13] [6 8 10] [8 15 17] [9 12 15] [12 16 20] [15 20 25])

(defn sortByHypotenuse [triples]
(sort-by #(first (rest (rest %))) triples)
)

(sortByHypotenuse (triples 20))
; -> ([3 4 5] [6 8 10] [5 12 13] [9 12 15] [8 15 17] [12 16 20] [15 20 25])

(doseq [pt (sort-by #(% 2)
(for [a (range 1 21)
b (range a 21)
:let [aa+bb (+ (* a a) (* b b))
c (Math/round (Math/sqrt aa+bb))]
:when (= aa+bb (* c c))]
[a b c]))]
(println pt))

erlang

find_all_pythagorean_triangles(L) ->
lists:sort(fun({_, _, H1}, {_, _, H2}) -> H1 =< H2 end,
[ { X, Y, Z } ||
X <- lists:seq(1,L),
Y <- lists:seq(1,L),
Z <- lists:seq(1,2*L),
X*X + Y*Y =:= Z*Z,
Y > X,
Z > Y
]).

main(_) ->
List = find_all_pythagorean_triangles(20).

fantom

triangles := [,]
(1..20).each |Int a|
{
(a..20).each |Int b|
{
c := (a.pow(2) + b.pow(2)).toFloat.sqrt
if (c % c.toInt == 0.0f && !triangles.contains([b,a,c]))
triangles.add([a,b,c.toInt])
}
}
triangles.sort |Int[] x, Int[] y -> Int| { x[2]-y[2] }
echo(triangles)

fsharp

let getGoodTri (a,b) =
let h = int(System.Math.Sqrt(float(a*a + b*b)))
if a*a + b*b = h*h then Some(a,b,h)
else None

seq{ for i in 1..20 do yield! seq{for j in i..20 do yield i,j} } |> Seq.choose(getGoodTri) |> Seq.sortBy(fun (_,_,c) -> c);;

Arithmetic

Greatest Common Divisor

Find the largest positive integer that divides two given numbers without a remainder. For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4.

python

def gcd_recursive(i, j):
if min(i, j) == 0:
return max(i, j)
else:
return gcd_recursive(min(i, j), abs(i - j))

def gcd_iterative(i, j):
while min(i, j) != 0:
i, j = min(i, j), abs(i - j)
return max(i, j)

if __name__ == "__main__":
print gcd_recursive(8, 12)
print gcd_iterative(8, 12)

from fractions import gcd
print gcd(8, 12)

clojure

(defn gcd [a b]
(if (zero? b)
a
(recur b (mod b a))))

erlang

-module(gcd).
-export([gcd/2]).

gcd(A, 0) -> A;
gcd(A, B) -> gcd(B, A rem B).

fantom

gcd := |Int a, Int b -> Int| {
pair := [a, b].sort
while (pair.first != 0)
pair.set(1, pair.last % pair.first).swap(0, 1)
return pair.last
}
echo(gcd(12, 8)) // a>b, result == 4
echo(gcd(1029, 1071)) // a<b, result == 21

fsharp

let rec gcd x y =
if y = 0 then x
else gcd y (x % y)

Misc

Fun

produces a copy of its own source code

In computing, a quine is a computer program which produces a copy of its own source code as its only output.

python

# adapted from a Quine by Sean B. Palmer

print (lambda s='print (lambda s=%r: (s %% s))()': (s % s))()

x='x=%r;print(x%%x)';print(x%x)

clojure

(def s"(def s%s)(printf s(pr-str s))")(printf s(pr-str s))

fantom

class Q
{
static Void main()
{
r := "class Q\n{\n static Void main()\n {\n r := "
s := "\n s := \n echo (r+r.toCode+s[0..9]+s.toCode+s[10..-1])\n }\n}"
echo (r+r.toCode+s[0..9]+s.toCode+s[10..-1])
}
}

class Q{static Void main(){s:="class Q{static Void main(){s:=;c:=34.toChar;echo(s[0..<30]+c+s+c+s[30..-1]);}}";c:=34.toChar;echo(s[0..<30]+c+s+c+s[30..-1]);}}

fsharp

(fun s -> printf "%s %s" s s) "(fun s -> printf \"%s %s\" s s)"

Parallel

Pool of Workers

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (No Shared Data)

python

import multiprocessing
import itertools

task_input = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]

def all_subperms(s):
return set(reduce(
list.__add__,
([''.join(p) for p in itertools.product(s, repeat=r) if p]
for r in xrange(len(s) + 1))))

p = multiprocessing.Pool(len(task_input))
task_output = p.map(all_subperms, task_input)
print map(list, task_output)

clojure

(defn perm-chars [l]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of strings with the
same size as the input string. This function will return duplicates
if the same character occurs multiple time in the string.
Ex: ab -> (aa ab ba ab)"
(if (string? l)
(recur (repeat (count l) l))
(let [s (first l)
r (rest l)]
(if (empty? r)
(map identity s)
(->> s
(map (fn [c] (map #(str c %) (perm-chars r))))
(flatten))))))

(defn perm-sz [s]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of the input
string. May return duplicats.
Ex: ab -> (aa ab ba bb a b a b)"
(if-not (empty? s)
(let [r (perm-chars s)]
(if (= (count s) 1)
r
(->> r
(map #(perm-sz (apply str (rest %))))
(flatten)
(lazy-cat r))))))

(defn perm [s]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of the input
string. The list of string is sorted and does not contain
duplicates.
Ex: ab -> (a aa ab b ba bb)"
(->> (reduce (fn [s e] (conj s e)) #{} (perm-sz s))
(map str)
(sort)))

(println (pmap perm ["ab" "we" "tfe" "aoj"]))

(require 'cojure.contrib.combinatorics)

(pmap (fn [str]
(apply concat (map #(selections str (inc %))
(range (count str)))))
["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"])

fantom

using concurrent

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
const class PermGen : Actor
{
new make(ActorPool pool) : super(pool) {}

Void permutations(Str prefix, Str w, Str[] pset)
{
n := w.size
if (n == 0)
{
if (!pset.contains(prefix))
pset.add(prefix)
return
}
n.times { permutations(prefix + w[it..it], w[0..<it] + w[it+1..<n], pset) }
}

override Obj? receive(Obj? msg)
{
Str word := msg
wordSubPerm := Str[,]
for (Int i := 0; i < word.size; i++)
for (Int j := i; j < word.size; j++)
permutations("", word[i..j], wordSubPerm)
return wordSubPerm
}
}

class SolutionXX
{
static Void main()
{
pool := ActorPool() { maxThreads = 8 }
futures := Future[,]
["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"].each { futures.add(PermGen(pool).send(it)) }
futures.each { echo(it.get) }
}
}

fsharp

open System
let input = [| "ab"; "we"; "tfe"; "aoj" |]

/// Computes all permutations of an array
let rec permute = function
| [| |] -> [| [| |] |]
| a ->
a
|> Array.mapi (fun i ai ->
// Take all elements in the array apart from the i.th, compute
// their permutations, then attach element i at the front of each perm
Array.sub a 0 i
|> Array.append (Array.sub a (i + 1) (a.Length - i - 1))
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun perm -> Array.append [| ai |] perm)
)
|> Array.concat

/// Computes all permutations of a string
let permuteString (s: string) =
s.ToCharArray()
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun p -> new String(p))

let output =
input
|> Array.map (fun word -> async { return (permuteString word) })
|> Async.Parallel
|> Async.RunSynchronously

// like the Java and Groovy solutions, does not duplicate letters
open System
open System.Threading.Tasks

let input = [| "ab"; "we"; "tfe"; "aoj" |]

let factorial n =
seq { 1 .. n } |> Seq.reduce (*)

let swap (arr:'a[]) i j =
[| for k = 0 to arr.Length - 1 do
yield if k = i then arr.[j] elif k = j then arr.[i] else arr.[k] |]

let rec permutation (k:int,j:int) (r:'a[]) =
if j = (r.Length + 1) then r
else permutation (k/j+1, j+1) (swap r (j-1) (k%j))

let permutations (source:'a[]) = seq {
for k = 0 to (factorial source.Length) - 1 do
yield permutation (k,2) source
}

let permute (word:string) =
let letters = word.ToCharArray()
permutations letters
|> Seq.map (fun chars -> String(chars))
|> Array.ofSeq

let tasks =
input |> Array.map (fun word -> Task.Factory.StartNew(fun () -> permute word))

let taskResult (t:Task<_>) =
t.Result

let output = Task.Factory.ContinueWhenAll(tasks, fun ts -> Array.map taskResult ts).Result

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (Shared Data)

Take a hard to compute problem and split it up between multiple worker threads. In your solution, try to fully utilize available cores or processors. (I'm looking at you, Python!)

Note: In this question, there should be a need for shared state between worker threads while the problem is being solved.

Example:

-Conway Game of Life-

From Wikipedia:

The universe of the Game of Life is an infinite two-dimensional orthogonal grid of square cells, each of which is in one of two possible states, live or dead. Every cell interacts with its eight neighbors, which are the cells that are directly horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent. At each step in time, the following transitions occur:

1. Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by underpopulation.
2. Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by overcrowding.
3. Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.
4. Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell.

The initial pattern constitutes the seed of the system. The first generation is created by applying the above rules simultaneously to every cell in the seed—births and deaths happen simultaneously, and the discrete moment at which this happens is sometimes called a tick (in other words, each generation is a pure function of the one before). The rules continue to be applied repeatedly to create further generations.

--However, for our purposes, we will assign a size to the game "board": 2^k * 2^k . That is, the board should be easy to subdivide.

Notice that in this problem, at each step or "tick", each thread/process will need to share data with its neighborhood.

clojure

; This is a "glider"
(def *start*
[".O......"
"..O....."
"OOO....."
"........"
"........"
"........"
"........"])
(def *width* (count (first *start*)))
(def *height* (count *start*))
(def *live* \O)
(def *dead* \.)
(def *n-generations-to-show* 3)

(defn cell-at
([b coord]
(cell-at b coord {:col 0 :row 0}))
([b coord offset]
(let [x (mod (+ (:col coord) (:col offset)) *width*)
y (mod (+ (:row coord) (:row offset)) *height*)]
(nth (nth b y) x))))

(defn neighbor-count [b coord]
(->> (for [x (range -1 2) y (range -1 2)] {:col x :row y})
(filter #(not (= {:col 0 :row 0} %)))
(map (partial cell-at b coord))
(reduce (fn [sum n] (+ sum (if (= *live* n) 1 0))) 0)))

(defn next-generation-cell [b coord]
(let [nc (neighbor-count b coord)]
(cond (< nc 2) *dead*
(> nc 3) *dead*
(= nc 3) *live*
true (cell-at b coord))))

(defn next-generation-row [b row]
(->> (range *width*)
(map #(next-generation-cell b {:col % :row row}))
(apply str)))

(defn next-generation [b]
(->> (range *height*)
(pmap #(next-generation-row b %))))

(defn generation-seq [b]
(let [ng (next-generation b)]
(lazy-seq (cons ng (generation-seq ng)))))

(doseq [g (take *n-generations-to-show* (generation-seq *start*))]
(doseq [l g]
(println l))
(println))

(shutdown-agents)

; This version calculates each separate line on a separate thread (pmap in next-generation)

fsharp

/// Represents a single cell, along with the basic transition rule
type State =
| Alive
| Dead
member this.Transition numLiveNeighbors =
match this with
| Alive when numLiveNeighbors < 2 -> Dead
| Alive when numLiveNeighbors > 3 -> Dead
| Alive -> Alive
| Dead when numLiveNeighbors = 3 -> Alive
| _ -> Dead
member this.ToChar() =
match this with
| Alive -> '*'
| Dead -> ' '
static member OfChar = function
| ' ' -> Dead
| _ -> Alive

type Board (board: State[,]) =
member this.Item
with get(i,j) = board.[i,j]
and set (i,j) v = board.[i,j] <- v
member this.Length1 = Array2D.length1 board
member this.Length2 = Array2D.length2 board
member this.CountLiveNeighbors(i, j) =
[| (-1,-1); (-1,0); (-1,1); (0,-1); (0,1); (1,-1); (1,0); (1,1) |]
|> Array.sumBy (fun (di,dj) ->
if (i + di) > 0 && (i + di) < this.Length1 && (j+dj) > 0 && (j+dj) < this.Length2 then
match board.[i+di,j+dj] with
| Alive -> 1
| _ -> 0
else
0
)
member this.Clone() = Board(Array2D.copy board)
override this.ToString() =
[|
for i in 0 .. this.Length1 - 1 do
let l = [| for j in 0 .. this.Length2 - 1 do yield board.[i,j].ToChar() |]
yield new String(l)
|]
|> String.concat ("\n")
static member OfString (s: string) =
let states =
s.Split('\n')
|> Array.map (fun line -> line.ToCharArray() |> Array.map State.OfChar)
Board (Array2D.init states.Length states.[0].Length (fun i j -> states.[i].[j]))
static member Update (inboard: Board) =
let outboard = inboard.Clone()
let Worker (i1,i2,j1,j2) =
for i in i1 .. i2 do
for j in j1 .. j2 do
outboard.[i,j] <-
inboard.CountLiveNeighbors(i, j)
|> inboard.[i,j].Transition
let N1 = inboard.Length1 / 2
let N2 = inboard.Length2 / 2
[| (0,N1,0,N2); (N1+1,inboard.Length1-1,0,N2); (0,N1,N2+1,inboard.Length2-1); (N1+1,inboard.Length1-1,N2+1,inboard.Length2-1) |]
|> Array.map (fun bounds -> async { Worker bounds})
|> Async.Parallel
|> Async.RunSynchronously
|> ignore
outboard

let blinker = " \n * \n * \n * \n " |> Board.OfString

do
let after1cycles =
blinker
|> Board.Update
let after3cycles =
after1cycles
|> Board.Update
|> Board.Update
printfn "%s" (after3cycles.ToString())

Threads

Create a multithreaded "Hello World"

Create a program which outputs the string "Hello World" to the console, multiple times, using separate threads or processes.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says Hello World!
Thread two says Hello World!
Thread four says Hello World!
Thread three says Hello World!

-Notice that the threads can print in any order.

python

#!/usr/bin/python
from threading import Thread
Nthread = ['one','two','three','four']
def ThreadSpeaks(number):
print "Thread", number, "says Hello World!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
for n in range(0,len(Nthread)):
th =Thread(target=ThreadSpeaks, args=(Nthread[n],))
th.start()

clojure

(doseq [msg ["one" "two" "three" "four"]]
(future (println "Thread" msg "says Hello World!")))

(dorun (pmap #(println (str "Thread " % " says Hello World!")) '("one" "two" "three" "four")))

(dorun (map (fn [n] (.start (Thread. #(println (str "Thread " n " says Hello World!")))))
'("one" "two" "three" "four")))

erlang

-module(spam).
-export([spam/1]).

spam(N) when N<5 ->
spawn(fun() -> io:format("Hello World from thread ~p~n",[N]) end),
spam(N+1);
spam(_) -> void.

fantom

pool := ActorPool()
["one", "two", "three", "four"].each
{
a := Actor(pool) |Str name| { echo("Thread $name says Hello World!") }
a.send(it)
}

fsharp

let mappedString =
["Thread one says Hello World!";
"Thread two says Hello World!";
"Thread four says Hello World!";
"Thread three says Hello World!"]
|> Seq.map (fun str -> async { printfn "%s" str })

Async.RunSynchronously (Async.Parallel mappedString)

Create read/write lock on a shared resource.

Create multiple threads or processes who are either readers or writers. There should be more readers then writers.

(From Wikipedia):

Multiple readers can read the data in parallel but an exclusive lock is needed while writing the data. When a writer is writing the data, readers will be blocked until the writer is finished writing.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says that the value is 8.
Thread three says that the value is 8.
Thread two is taking the lock.
Thread four tried to read the value, but could not.
Thread five tried to write to the value, but could not.
Thread two is changing the value to 9.
Thread two is releasing the lock.
Thread four says that the value is 9.
...

--Notice that when a needed resource is locked, a thread can set a timer and try again in the future, or wait to be notified that the resource is no longer locked.

python

#!/usr/bin/python
from threading import Thread, Lock
import time
thread_readers = ['one','two','three']
thread_writer = ['four','five']
lock = Lock()
value = 0

def Threadread(number):
global value
while True:
if lock.acquire(False):
print "Thread", number, "is taking the lock"
value += 1
print "Thread", number, "is changing the value to", value
print "Thread", number, "is releasing the lock."
lock.release()
else:
print "Thread", number, "tried to write to the value, but could not."
def Threadwrite(number):
global value
while True:
if lock.acquire(False):
print "Thread", number ,"four says that the value is", value
else:
print "Thread", number ,"tried to read the value, but could not."
if __name__ == "__main__":
for n in range(0,len(thread_readers)):
th =Thread(target=Threadread, args=(thread_readers[n],))
th.start()
for n in range(0,len(thread_writer)):
th =Thread(target=Threadwrite, args=(thread_writer[n],))
th.start()

clojure

; NOTE! Using explicit locking is NOT the Clojure way. It was done
; this way in order to comply exactly with the problem
; specification. Sharing data in Clojure would normally be done by
; using "atom", "agent" or "ref" depending on situation. None of those
; methods would ever result in the reader not being able to read (as
; required by the problem) since reading is wait-free in clojure.

(def *readers* (map #(agent %) '("one" "two" "three")))
(def *writers* (map #(agent %) '("four" "five")))
(def *mutex* (agent :unlocked))
(def *value* 0)

; mutex implementation
(defn lock [state who success-fn fail-fn]
(send who (if (= state :locked) fail-fn success-fn))
:locked)

(defn unlock [mutex]
:unlocked)

; Must be invoked with send-off since this handler blocks
(defn rand-sleep [state next-fn]
(Thread/sleep (rand-int 5))
(send *agent* next-fn)
state)

; Reader functions
(declare try-read)

(defn reader-got-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s says that the value is %d." name *value*))
(send *mutex* unlock)
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-read)
name)

(defn reader-did-not-get-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s tried to read the value, but could not." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-read)
name)

(defn try-read [name]
(send *mutex* lock *agent* reader-got-lock reader-did-not-get-lock)
name)

; Writer functions
(declare try-write)

(defn writer-got-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s is taking the lock." name))
(def *value* (rand-int 10))
(println (format "Thread %s is changing the value to %d." name *value*))
(send *mutex* unlock)
(println (format "Thread %s is relasing the lock." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-write)
name)

(defn writer-did-not-get-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s tried to write the value, but could not." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-write)
name)

(defn try-write [name]
(send *mutex* lock *agent* writer-got-lock writer-did-not-get-lock)
name)

(dorun (map #(send % try-write) *writers*))
(dorun (map #(send % try-read) *readers*))

fsharp

open System.Threading
let lock = new ReaderWriterLock()
let mutable value = 0
let lockTimeout = 1

let ReaderThread t =
let random = new System.Random()
for i in 0 .. 100 do
try
lock.AcquireReaderLock(lockTimeout)
try
printfn "Thread %i says that the value is %i" t value
finally
lock.ReleaseReaderLock()
with _ ->
printfn "Thread %i tried to read the value, but could not (timeout)." t
Thread.Sleep(random.Next(50))

let WriterThread t =
let random = new System.Random()
for i in 0 .. 100 do
try
lock.AcquireWriterLock(lockTimeout)
try
value <- random.Next(10)
printfn "Thread %i is changing the value to %i" t value
Thread.MemoryBarrier()
finally
lock.ReleaseWriterLock()
printfn "Thread %i is releasing the lock." t
with _ ->
printfn "Thread %i tried to write the value, but could not (timeout)." t
Thread.Sleep(random.Next(50))

[| 0 .. 20 |]
|> Array.iter (fun t ->
async {
if t % 3 = 0 then
WriterThread t
else
ReaderThread t
}
|> Async.Start
)

Separate user interaction and computation.

Allow your program to accept user interaction while conducting a long running computation.

Example:

Hello user! Please input a string to permute: (input thread)
abcdef
Passing on abcdef... (input thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
lol
Passing on lol... (input thread)
Done Work On abcdef! (worker thread)
["abcdef", "abcefd", ... ] (worker thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
EXIT
Quitting, I

'll let my worker thread know... (input thread)

We'

re quitting! Alright! (worker thread)

--Notice, that this could be accomplished on the command line or within a GUI. The point is that computation and user interaction should take place on separate threads of control.

clojure

(defn background-computation [_ s]
(let [res (permutations s)]
(println (format "Done Work On %s!" s))
(println res)))

(defn shutdown-app [_]
(println "We're quitting! Alright!")
(shutdown-agents))

(println "Hello user! Please input a string to permute: ")
(let [worker-agent (agent nil)]
(loop [input (str (read))]
(if (= input "EXIT")
(do (println "Quitting, I'll let my worker thread know...")
(send worker-agent shutdown-app))
(do (println (format "Passing on %s..." input))
(send worker-agent background-computation input)
(println "Please input another string to permute: ")
(recur (str (read)))))))

fantom

using concurrent
class Main
{
static Void main()
{
worker := Actor(ActorPool()) |Str s|
{
result := permute(s.chars).map { Str.fromChars(it) }
echo("Done Work On $s!")
echo(result)
}

Env.cur.out.writeChars("Hello, user! Please input a string to permute: ").flush
Env.cur.in.eachLine |line| {
echo("Passing on $line ...")
worker.send(line)
Env.cur.out.writeChars("Please input another string to permute: ").flush
}
}

static Obj[][] permute(Obj[] list, Obj[] prefix := [,])
{
list.isEmpty ?
[prefix] :
list.reduce([,]) |Obj[] r, Obj item, Int i -> Obj[]| {
r.addAll(permute(list.dup { removeAt(i) }, prefix.dup.add(item)))
}
}
}

fsharp

open System

/// Computes all permutations of an array
let rec permute = function
| [| |] -> [| [| |] |]
| a ->
a
|> Array.mapi (fun i ai ->
Array.sub a 0 i
|> Array.append (Array.sub a (i + 1) (a.Length - i - 1))
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun perm -> Array.append [| ai |] perm)
)
|> Array.concat

/// Computes all permutations of a string
let permuteString (s: string) =
s.ToCharArray()
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun p -> new String(p))

type PermuteMessage =
| PermuteString of string
| Cancel

let mailbox = new MailboxProcessor<PermuteMessage>(fun inbox ->
let rec loop() =
async {
let! msg = inbox.Receive()
match msg with
| PermuteString s ->
printfn "[Worker] Starting to work on %s" s
let p = permuteString s
printfn "[Worker] Done my work on %s" s
let firstElems =
if s.Length > 4 then
let first = p |> Seq.truncate 4 |> Seq.toArray
String.Join(", ", first) + ", ..."
else
String.Join(", ", p)
printfn "[Worker] Result is %s" firstElems
return! loop()
| Cancel ->
printfn "[Worker] Nuff done, I'm quitting!"
return ()
}
loop()
)

do
printfn "[Input] Setting up worker."
mailbox.Start()
let loop = ref true
while !loop do
printfn "[Input] Please enter a word, or EXIT to exit"
let s = Console.ReadLine()
match s with
| "EXIT" ->
printfn "[Input] Sending worker the cancellation notice."
mailbox.Post(Cancel)
loop := false
| _ ->
printfn "[Input] Sending task to the worker."
mailbox.Post(PermuteString s)

i18n

i18n-helloworld

Put a internationalizate of HelloWorld program

Set locale to "es" (spanish) and provide a program that changes outputs ("Helloworld") depending of locale.

In pseudocode:

Void main ()

{



Locale.set("es")



print.translate("Helloworld, Locale.get)



}

fantom

Locale("es).use
class Foo { Void main() { echo(#Foo.pod.locale("hello world!")) } }

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href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=456" target="_blank "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/images/weddingdress/sxw0018.jpg" alt="Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes" title=" Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes " width="240" height="329" /></a><br /><span class="imgLink ">Agrandir l'</code>image<<code>/span></</code>a><<code>/noscript> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <div id=<code>"productAdditionalImages "</code>> <br/> <div id=<code>"dfse "</code>><<code>/div> <br/> <div class="centerBoxContent "> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class="additionalImages centeredContent back" style="width:100%; "><br/> <br/> <noscript><a href="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html<code>" target="</code>_blank <code>"> <a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>images<code>/weddingdress/</code>sxw0018_01.jpg<code>" alt="</code>Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes<code>" title="</code> Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes <code>" width="</code>130<code>" height="</code>174<code>" style="</code>position:relative<code>" onmouseover="</code>showtrail(<code>'images/weddingdress//sxw0018_01.jpg'</code>,<code>'Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes'</code>,130,173,243,325,this,0,0,130,173);<code>" onmouseout="</code>hidetrail();<code>" /></a><br /><span class="</code>imgLinkAdditional <code>">Agrandir l'image</span></a></noscript></div><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/></div></div> <br/> <br/></div> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>width:348px;float:right;<code>" id='pb-left-column'> <br/> <br/><span id="</code>productPrices<code>" class="</code>productGeneral <code>"> <br/>Price: <br/><span class="</code>normalprice <code>">$218.77 </span> <span class="</code>productSpecialPrice <code>">$175.01</span><span class="</code>productPriceDiscount <code>"><br />Economie : 20%</span></span> <br/><div class="</code>model_number<code>" style="</code>height:14px;padding-top:7px <code>"><h4 style="</code>float: left;color:black; <code>"><label class="</code>class <code>">Modèle : </label></h4><div style="</code>float: left;margin-top:5px;margin-left:6px; <code>"><span style="</code>font-size:12px;height:20px;color:black; <code>">Mall3411</span></div><br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><div id="</code>productAttributes <code>"> <br/><h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 1 - Choose Options:</h1> <br/> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Colors</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[8]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-8 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>46 <code>">1</option><br/> <option value="</code>52 <code>">10</option><br/> <option value="</code>53 <code>">12</option><br/> <option value="</code>54 <code>">16</option><br/> <option value="</code>55 <code>">17</option><br/> <option value="</code>56 <code>">18</option><br/> <option value="</code>47 <code>">2</option><br/> <option value="</code>57 <code>">20</option><br/> <option value="</code>58 <code>">21</option><br/> <option value="</code>59 <code>">23</option><br/> <option value="</code>60 <code>">26</option><br/> <option value="</code>61 <code>">27</option><br/> <option value="</code>62 <code>">28</option><br/> <option value="</code>63 <code>">29</option><br/> <option value="</code>64 <code>">30</option><br/> <option value="</code>65 <code>">31</option><br/> <option value="</code>66 <code>">33</option><br/> <option value="</code>67 <code>">35</option><br/> <option value="</code>68 <code>">36</option><br/> <option value="</code>69 <code>">37</option><br/> <option value="</code>48 <code>">4</option><br/> <option value="</code>70 <code>">41</option><br/> <option value="</code>71 <code>">43</option><br/> <option value="</code>72 <code>">44</option><br/> <option value="</code>73 <code>">47</option><br/> <option value="</code>74 <code>">48</option><br/> <option value="</code>75 <code>">49</option><br/> <option value="</code>49 <code>">5</option><br/> <option value="</code>76 <code>">51</option><br/> <option value="</code>77 <code>">54</option><br/> <option value="</code>78 <code>">56</option><br/> <option value="</code>79 <code>">60</option><br/> <option value="</code>80 <code>">61</option><br/> <option value="</code>81 <code>">66</option><br/> <option value="</code>82 <code>">67</option><br/> <option value="</code>83 <code>">69</option><br/> <option value="</code>84 <code>">73</option><br/> <option value="</code>85 <code>">77</option><br/> <option value="</code>86 <code>">78</option><br/> <option value="</code>87 <code>">79</option><br/> <option value="</code>50 <code>">8</option><br/> <option value="</code>51 <code>">9</option><br/> <option value="</code>27 <code>">Ivory</option><br/> <option value="</code>26 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>28 <code>">White</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Sizes</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[9]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-9 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>29 <code>">US 10 / UK 12 / EUR 40</option><br/> <option value="</code>30 <code>">US 12 / UK 14 /EUR 42</option><br/> <option value="</code>31 <code>">US 14 / UK 16 /EUR 44</option><br/> <option value="</code>32 <code>">US 16 / UK 18 /EUR 46</option><br/> <option value="</code>33 <code>">US 18 / UK 20 /EUR 48</option><br/> <option value="</code>34 <code>">US 2 / UK 4 /EUR 32</option><br/> <option value="</code>35 <code>">US 20 / UK 22 /EUR 50</option><br/> <option value="</code>36 <code>">US 22 / UK 24 /EUR 52</option><br/> <option value="</code>37 <code>">US 24 / UK 26 /EUR 54</option><br/> <option value="</code>38 <code>">US 26 / UK 28 /EUR 56</option><br/> <option value="</code>39 <code>">US 28 / UK 30 /EUR 58</option><br/> <option value="</code>40 <code>">US 4 / UK 6 /EUR 34</option><br/> <option value="</code>41 <code>">US 6 / UK 8 /EUR 36</option><br/> <option value="</code>42 <code>">US 8 / UK 10 /EUR 38</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Back style</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[10]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-10 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>44 <code>">Lace Up</option><br/> <option value="</code>43 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>45 <code>">Zip Up</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>padding-bottom:5px; <code>"><a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/size.html" style="color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline; color:#FF0000;" target="_blank ">Size Chart</</code>a> | <a href=<code>"http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/color.html"</code> style=<code>"color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;color:#FF0000;"</code> target=<code>"_blank "</code>>Color Chart<<code>/a></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/><div id='quantity_cart'> <br/><h1>Step 2 - Choose Quantity:</</code>h1> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class=<code>"wrapperAttribsOptions"</code> style=<code>"height:14px;padding-top:7px "</code>><h4 style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><label class=<code>"attribsInput "</code>>Quantity :<<code>/label></</code>h4><div style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><input type=<code>"text"</code> class=<code>"text"</code> id=<code>"quantity_wanted"</code> name=<code>"cart_quantity"</code> value=<code>"1"</code> maxlength=<code>"6"</code> size=<code>"4"</code> <code>/></</code>div><<code>/div> <br/> <br class="clearBoth "> <br/> <h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 3 - Add to cart:</</code>h1> <br/> <p id=<code>'add_to_cart'</code> class=<code>'buttons_bottom_block'</code>> <br/> <input type=<code>"hidden"</code> name=<code>"products_id"</code> value=<code>"456"</code> <code>/><input type="image" src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>includes<code>/templates/</code>weddingdress-7<code>/buttons/</code>french<code>/button_in_cart.gif" alt="ajouter au panier" title=" ajouter au panier " /</code>> <<code>/p> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/><div> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_onlinechat'</code>> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_ssl'</code>> <br/> <a target=<code>'_blank'</code> href=<code>'msnim:chat?contact=myonlineservice@msn.com'</code> style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><img src=<code>'http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/banner/msn.jpg'</code>><<code>/a> <br/> <a target='_blank' href='callto:/meganfox59'><img border=0 align='absmiddle' src='http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>banner<code>/skype.jpg' style="float:left; "></</code>a> <br/> <<code>/div> <br/> </</code>div> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><br class=<code>"clearBoth"</code> <code>/> <br/><div id='descript_menu'> <br/><ul id='more_info_tabs' class='idTabs idTabsShort'> <br/> <li><a onclick='dissplay_descript(this);' style='cursor:pointer;'>Details</</code>span><<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'displaysize(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>SIZE & COLOR CHART<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'dissplay_return(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>Shipping<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'measure(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>How to Measure<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/><<code>/ul> <br/><script> <br/> function displaysize(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_descript(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_return(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function measure(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> } <br/></</code>script> <br/><div id=<code>'more_info_sheets'</code> class=<code>'sheets align_justify'</code>> <br/> <br/><div id=<code>"productDescription"</code> class=<code>'displayblock'</code>>Nom de l<code>'article:</div> <br/> <br/><div id='</code>idTabtwo<code>' class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class='</code>SizeKind<code>'> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'>Please choose your favorite color from the palette</p> <br/> <a id='</code>single_3<code>' href='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>'><img src='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>' alt='</code>wedding dress card palette<code>' width='</code>720<code>'></a> <br/> <p style='</code>text-align: left;<code>'><span style='</code>color: rgb(255, 0, 0);<code>'>Notice:</span>Since computer screens have chromatic aberration, especially between CRT screen and LCD screen, we can not guarantee the color of the dress you get will be 100% similar as the color chart. And also different fabrics will show different color degree on the same color. So we can not accept any returned dress for sake of color. Please kindly understand us.</p> <br/> </div> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'> Please choose your size</p> <br/> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in centimeter)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>86</td> <br/> <td>89</td> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>98</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>119</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <td>142</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>66</td> <br/> <td>69</td> <br/> <td>71</td> <br/> <td>74</td> <br/> <br/> <td>76</td> <br/> <td>80</td> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>88</td> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>96</td> <br/> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>107</td> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>97</td> <br/> <td>99</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <td>113</td> <br/> <td>117</td> <br/> <td>122</td> <br/> <td>127</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <br/> <td>140</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <br/> <td>151</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>153</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <br/> <td>155</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/><p> </p> <br/><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in inches)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>47</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>27</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> <td>29</td> <br/> <br/> <td>30</td> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <br/> <td>55</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/> <br/> </div> <br/> <br class='</code>clear<code>'> <br/> </div> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div id="tab_3" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <br/> <h3>Shipping Time</h3> <br/><p>Total Time=Operation Time + Shipping Time</p> <br/><p>Default operation time is 30 business days from the day you place an order. <br/>We will rush your order within 20 business days and 15 business days if you <br/>choose rush service from the operation time option,and you will pay extra <br/>cost for it.Shipping time varies as: UPS , TNT 2-4 business days, Air Mail(Express) 10 <br/>business days, Air Mail(Normal) 20 business days. Please calculate the total <br/>time carefully before you place the order.</p> <br/><p><i>Note: You can also choose Air Mail(Normal) if package weight is under 2kg.</i></p> <br/> <br/><h3>Return Tips</h3> <br/><p>If any returns, please contact our customer support within 24 hours from the time you receive your gown and fill in the Application for Refund in email. Only products in their original condition will be accepted. We do not accept returns on any custom made order. ALL SALES ARE FINAL for custom made dresses. For mis-shipped items, once confirmation got with us, we will be responsible for item exchange and have full refund returned including shipping fee and handling fee. In principle, any emergency order isnot subject to this return policy and will be denied. Also other merchandise, such as veil ect.</p></div> <br/> <br/><div id="idTabMeasure" style="height:510px;" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class="tempnr_box "> <br/> <br/> <div class="images_zuo "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img width="163" height="479" src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/image/wedding_size.jpg"/></a></div> <br/> <br/> <div class="nr_right "> <br/> <p style="color:#b21e36;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold; padding-left:0; ">How to Measure</p> <br/> <ul><li><span class="wzys ">A.Bust:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">B.Waist:</span>Measure Around The Smallest Part Of Your Waistline.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">C.Hips:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Hips.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">D.Length:</span> Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple To Floor,Including The Height Of <b>Wedding Shoes</b>.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">E.Under Bust:</span>Measure Around Under Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">F.Nipple To Nipple:</span> The Measurement Between Your Two Nipples.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">G.Shoulder To NiPPLE:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder To Nipple.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">H.Shoulder TO Waist:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Waist.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">I.Shoulder To Hips:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Hips.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">J.Shoulder To Shoulder:</span>Measure Your Shoulder Width From The Back.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">k.Neck:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Neck.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">L.Biceps:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Arm.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="color:#DD0000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px;text-align:right;border:1px solid #eee; ">Please Measure With Bra and Underwear On.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;text-align:right; ">Remember To Keep The Measuring Tape Comfortably Loose.</li></ul> <br/> <br/> <br class="clear" /> <br/> <div><span style="color:#DD0000; margin-top:10px; ">Notice:</span>1. Please also tell us your "Height with Shoes" on (measured from top head to your wedding shoes'</code> heel).<br> <br/>2. Please remember that wear your Wedding Underwear and your Wedding Shoes.<br> <br/>3.Inches and Centimetersare both available for size, and please tell us if you use inches or centimeters.<br> <br/>4. We suggest you measure yourself by a Professional Tailor. <br> <br/>5. It is very normal to have 3CM measurement error between the sizes you give and the sizes you will receive on your dress. 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