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All Problems

Strings

Printing

Output a string to the console

Write the string "Hello World!" to STDOUT

python

print "Hello World!"

clojure

(println "Hello World!")

fsharp

printfn "Hello World!"

fantom

echo("Hello World!")

groovy

println "Hello World!"

java

System.out.println("Hello World!");

System.out.printf("Hello World!\n");

erlang

io:format("Hello, World!~n").

perl

print "Hello World!\n"

Retrieve a string containing ampersands from the variables in a url

My PHP script first does a query to obtain customer info for a form. The form has first name and last name fields among others. The customer has put entries such as "Ron & Jean" in the first name field in the database. Then the edit form script is called with variables such as

"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron & Jean&lname=Smith".

The script variable for first name $_REQUEST['firstname'] never gets beyond the "Ron" value because of the ampersand in the data.

I have tried various functions like urldecode but all to no avail. I even tried encoding the url before the view screen is painted so that the url looks like "http://myserver/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname="Ronxxnbsp;xxamp;xxnbsp;Jean"&lname=SMITH". (sorry I had to add the xx to replace the ampersand or it didn't display meaningful url contents the browser sees.)

Of course this fails for the same reasons. What is a better approach?

python

# I'm not really sure this is what the site is for,
# but the one unsolved problem for python was grating me.
# Anyway, I think this is what you're looking for.

from urllib import urlencode

query_dict = {'mode': 'view',
'fname': 'Ron & Jean',
'lname': 'Smith'}

print urlencode(query_dict.items())

# Which will be 'lname=Smith&mode=view&fname=Ron+%26+Jean'.

clojure

(->> {"mode" "view"
"fname" "Ron & Jean"
"lname" "Smith"}
(map #(str (URLEncoder/encode (first %) "UTF-8")
"="
(URLEncoder/encode (second %) "UTF-8")))
(reduce (fn [url e] (str url "&" e))
"http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php"))

fsharp

//the problem arises due to the fact that you've attempted to apply HTML entities encoding rather than URL encoding to your data!
//in F#, for example, assuming you would call this function with fname and lname parameters, this would produce the desired output
let getProperUrl fname lname = sprintf "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=%s&lname=%s" (HttpUtility.UrlEncode fname) (HttpUtility.UrlEncode lname)

// Example that shows encoding and decoding:
let queryString =
let fname = HttpUtility.UrlEncode("Ron & James")
let lname = HttpUtility.UrlEncode("Smith & Jones")
sprintf "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=%s&lname=%s" fname lname
/// All parameters in the URL as a lookup map
let parameters =
let paramStart = queryString.IndexOf('?')
if paramStart < 0 then
Map.empty
else
let values =
queryString.Substring(paramStart + 1)
|> HttpUtility.ParseQueryString
values.AllKeys
|> Seq.map (fun key -> key, values.[key])
|> Map.ofSeq
let fname = parameters.TryFind("fname")
let lname = parameters.TryFind("lname")

fantom

encoded := `http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php`.plusQuery(
["fname":"Ron & Jean", "lname":"Smith"]).encode
echo(encoded)

groovy

// Given the nature of the question text, I am assuming the question
// is how to produce a application/x-www-form-urlencoded compliant string

def basename = 'http://somedomain.com/somebase/'
def parameter = 'Bart & Lisa'
// equivalent to php
println basename + URLEncoder.encode(parameter)
// recommended approach is to specify encoding
println basename + URLEncoder.encode(parameter, "UTF-8")

java

Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
params.put("mode", "view");
params.put("fname", "Ron & Jean");
params.put("lname", "Smith");

StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : params.entrySet()) {
buffer.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getKey(), "UTF-8"))
.append("=")
.append(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), "UTF-8"));
}
System.out.println(buffer.toString());

erlang

% encode ampersand in your string using %XX where XX is hex code for ampersand
% optionally encode spaces for completeness sake to keep URL solid
URL = "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php?mode=view&fname=Ron%20%26%20Jean&lname=Smith",
{_, Query} = string:tokens(URL, "?"),
KeyValuePairs = string:tokens(Query, "&"),...

perl

print "http://myserver.com/custinfo/edit.php"
."?fname=".urlenc('Ron & Jean')
."&lname=".urlenc('Smith');
sub urlenc{my($s)=@_;$s=~s/([^A-Za-z0-9])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/seg;$s}

string-wrap

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> "

Expected output:
> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over t
> he lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox
> jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The qui
> ck brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
> dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps o
> ver the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

python

def wrap(string, length):

while len(string):
print("> " + string[0:length - 1])
string = string[length - 1:].strip()

wrap("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10, 78)

clojure

(defn string-wrap [s]
(if (= 0 (count s))
nil
(lazy-seq (cons (apply str (take 78 s))
(string-wrap (drop 78 s))))))

(let [s (apply str (repeat 10 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "))]
(doseq [line (string-wrap s)]
(println "> " line)))

fantom

s:=Str[,].fill("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ",10).join
while(s.size>0){
echo("> "+s[0..(77.min(s.size))-1])
s=(s.size>77)?s[77..-1].trim : ""
}

groovy

'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. '.multiply(10).split('(?<=\\G.{76})').each{println '> ' + it}

st = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10
width = 76
while(st){
(first, st) = st.length() > width? [st[0..width], st[(width+1)..-1].trim()] : [st, null]
println "> $first"
}

java

public class SolutionXX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
String words = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ";

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
builder.append(words);
}

String toWrap = builder.toString();
int width = 76;
while (toWrap!=null && toWrap.length()>0)
{
String first = toWrap.length() > width ? toWrap.substring(0, width+1) : toWrap;
toWrap = (!toWrap.equals(first)) ? toWrap.substring(width + 1).trim() : null;
System.out.println("> " + first);
}

}
}

erlang

wrapper(String, Times, Length) ->
StrList = lists:reverse(formatter(string:copies(String, Times), Length, [])),
lists:foreach(fun(Str) -> io:format("~p~n", [Str]) end, StrList).

formatter([], _Length, Acc) -> Acc;
formatter(String, Length, Acc) when length(String) > Length - 1->
{Head, Tail} = lists:split(Length - 1, String),
formatter(string:strip(Tail), Length, [[$>, $ | Head] | Acc]);
formatter(String, Length, Acc) ->
formatter([], Length, [[$>, $ | String] | Acc]).

Declaration

Define a string containing special characters

Define the literal string "\#{'}${"}/"

python

# yes, Python has way too many forms of string literals :)
print "\\#{'}${\"}/"
print "\\#{'}${"'"'"}/"
print r"""\#{'}${"}/"""
print '\\#{\'}${"}/'
print '\\#{'"'"'}${"}/'
print r'''\#{'}${"}/'''

clojure

(def special "\\#{'}${\"}/")

fsharp

let special = "\#{'}${\"}/"

fantom

special := Str<|\#{'}${"}/|>

groovy

special = "\\#{'}\${\"}/"

special = '\\#{\'}${"}/'

special = /\#{'}${'$'}{"}\//

java

String special = "\\#{'}${\"}/";

erlang

Special = "\\#{'}\${\"}/",

perl

$special = '\#{\'}${"}/';

$special = q(\#{'}${"}/);

Define a multiline string

Define the string:

"This

Is

A

Multiline

String"

python

text = """This
Is
A
Multiline
String"""

# with proper indentation
text = (
"This\n"
"Is\n"
"A\n"
"Multiline\n"
"String"
)

clojure

(def multiline "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString")

fsharp

let multiline = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString"

let multiline = "This
Is
A
Multiline
String"

fantom

s := "This
Is
A
Multiline
String"

groovy

def text =
"""This
Is
A
Multiline
String"""

def text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString"

java

String text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString";

String text =
"This\n" +
"Is\n" +
"A\n" +
"Multiline\n" +
"String"

erlang

Text = "This\nIs\nA\nMultiline\nString",

perl

$text = 'This
Is
A
Multiline
String';

$text = <<EOF;
This
Is
A
Multiline
String
EOF

Define a string containing variables and expressions

Given variables a=3 and b=4 output "3+4=7"

python

class EvalDict(dict):
def __getitem__(s, k):
return eval(k, s)

a=3; b=4
"%(a)d+%(b)d=%(a+b)d" % EvalDict(locals())

a=3; b=4
"%d+%d=%d" % (a, b, a+b)

clojure

(format "%d + %d = %d" a b (+ a b))

fsharp

let a, b = 3, 4
let mystr = sprintf "%d+%d=%d" a b (a+b)
printfn "%s" mystr

fantom

echo("$a+$b=${a+b}")

groovy

println "$a+$b=${a+b}"

printf "%d+%d=%d\n", a, b, a + b

java

System.out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + (a+b));

System.out.printf("%d+%d=%d\n", a, b, a + b);

erlang

A = 3, B = 4,
io:format("~B+~B=~B~n", [A, B, (A+B)]).

perl

print "$a+$b=${\($a+$b)}\n";

sprintf("%d+%d=%d", $a, $b, $a + $b);

print $a, '+', $b, '=', $a + $b;

Manipulation

Reverse the characters in a string

Given the string "reverse me", produce the string "em esrever"

python

"reverse me"[::-1]

clojure

(require '[clojure.contrib.str-utils2 :as str])
(str/reverse "reverse me")

(apply str (reverse "reverse me"))

fsharp

let reversed = new String (Array.rev ("reverse me".ToCharArray()))

let word = "reverse me"
//reverse the word
let reversedword =
word.ToCharArray()
|> Array.fold(fun acc x -> x::acc) []

fantom

"reverse me".reverse

groovy

reversed = "reverse me".reverse()

java

String reverse = new StringBuffer("reverse me").reverse().toString();

String reverse = new StringBuilder("reverse me").reverse().toString();

String reverse = StringUtils.reverse("reverse me");

erlang

Reversed = lists:reverse("reverse me"),

Reversed = revchars("reverse me"),

perl

$_ = reverse "reverse me"; print

Reverse the words in a string

Given the string "This is a end, my only friend!", produce the string "friend! only my end, the is This"

python

' '.join(reversed("This is a end, my only friend!".split()))

clojure

(require '[clojure.contrib.str-utils2 :as str])
(str/join " " (reverse (str/split "this is the end, my only friend!" #" ")))

(apply str (interpose " " (reverse (re-seq #"[^\s]+" "This is the end, my only friend!"))))

fsharp

let reversed = String.Join(" ", Array.rev("This is the end, my only friend!".Split [|' '|]))

fantom

"This is a end, my only friend!".split.reverse.join(" ")

groovy

reversed = "This is the end, my only friend!".split().reverse().join(' ')

reversed = "This is the end, my only friend!".tokenize(' ').reverse().join(' ')

def revdelim(c, s) { StringUtils.reverseDelimited(s, c) }
revwords = this.&revdelim.curry(" " as char)
reversed = revwords("This is the end, my only friend!")

reversed = StringUtils.reverseDelimited("This is the end, my only friend!", " " as char)

java

List list = new ArrayList();
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(text, " ");
while(st.hasMoreTokens()) {
list.add(0, st.nextToken());
}
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (Iterator iterator = list.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
String word = (String) iterator.next();
sb.append(word);
if (iterator.hasNext()) {
sb.append(" ");
}
}
String reversed = sb.toString();

List<String> ls = Arrays.asList("This is the end, my only friend!".split("\\s"));
Collections.reverse(ls);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(32); for (String s : ls) sb.append(" ").append(s);
String reversed = sb.toString().trim();

String reversed = StringUtils.reverseDelimited("This is the end, my only friend!", ' ');

erlang

Reversed = string:join(lists:reverse(string:tokens("This is the end, my only friend!", " ")), " "),

perl

$reversed = join ' ', reverse split / /, $text;

Text wrapping

Wrap the string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " repeated ten times to a max width of 78 chars, starting each line with "> ", yielding this result:

> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps
> over the lazy dog. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The
> quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

python

import textwrap
print textwrap.fill("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " * 10,
72, initial_indent="> ", subsequent_indent="> ")

clojure

(doseq [line (re-seq #".{0,70} "
(apply str
(repeat 10 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ")))]
(println ">" line))

fsharp

let prefix = "> "
let input = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "

(String.split ['\n'] (textwrap (copies input 10) (73 - prefix.Length))) |> List.iter (fun line -> printfn "%s%s" prefix line)

let output maxWidth (s: string) =
let rec wrap = function
| lineSoFar, ([| |]: string array)-> printfn "%s" lineSoFar
| ">" as lineSoFar, (words: string array) ->
// Handle this case separately, thus we can also deal with
// cases where a word is longer then the max width
wrap (lineSoFar + " " + words.[0], Array.sub words 1 (words.Length - 1))
| lineSoFar, words when words.[0].Length + lineSoFar.Length >= maxWidth ->
printfn "%s" lineSoFar
wrap (">", words)
| lineSoFar, words ->
wrap(lineSoFar + " " + words.[0], Array.sub words 1 (words.Length - 1))
wrap (">", s.Split([| ' ' |]))

[| for i in 1 .. 10 do yield "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." |]
|> String.concat " "
|> output 78

fantom

buf := Buf()
10.times { buf.writeChars("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ") }
buf.flip

out := Env.cur.out
sep := ">"; max := 72 - sep.size - 1
acc := 0; Str? s := null
while ((s = buf.readStrToken) != null)
{
if (acc == 0)
out.print(sep)

acc += s.size
if (acc > max)
{
out.print("\n$sep")
acc = s.size
}
out.print(" $s")
buf.readStrToken(4096) { !it.isSpace }
acc++
}

groovy

// no built-in fill, define one using brute force approach
def fill(text, width=80, prefix='') {
width = width - prefix.size()
def out = []
List words = text.replaceAll("\n", " ").split(" ")
while (words) {
def line = ''
while (words) {
if (line.size() + words[0].size() + 1 > width) break
if (line) line += ' '
line += words[0]
words = words.tail()
}
out += prefix + line
}
out.join("\n")
}
println fill('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' * 10, 72, '> ')

// no built-in fill, define one using lastIndexOf
def fill(text, width=80, prefix='') {
def out = ''
def remaining = text.replaceAll("\n", " ")
while (remaining) {
def next = prefix + remaining
def found = next.lastIndexOf(' ', width)
if (found == -1) remaining = ''
else {
remaining = next.substring(found + 1)
next = next[0..found]
}
out += next + '\n'
}
out
}
println fill('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' * 10, 72, '> ')

prefix = '> '
input = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. '
wrap(input * 10, 72 - prefix.size()).eachLine{ println prefix + it }

java

String prefix = "> "; String input = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";

String[] lines = WordUtils.wrap(StringUtils.repeat(input, 10), 72 - prefix.length()).split("\n");

for (String line : lines) System.out.printf("%s%s\n", prefix, line);

erlang

TextWrap = textwrap(string:copies(Input, 10), 73 - length(Prefix)),
lists:foreach(fun (Line) -> io:format("~s~n", [string:concat(Prefix, Line)]) end, string:tokens(TextWrap, "\n")).

perl

use Text::Wrap;
$text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ";
$Text::Wrap::columns = 73;
print wrap('> ', '> ', $text x 10);

$_ = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " x 10;
s/(.{0,70}) /> $1\n/g;
print;

Remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string

Given the string " hello " return the string "hello".

python

assert 'hello' == ' hello '.strip()

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.str-utils2)
(trim " hello ")

(clojure.string/trim " hello ")

(.trim " hello ")

fsharp

let s = " hello "
let trimmed = s.Trim()

let trimmed = " hello ".Trim()

fantom

s := " hello ".trim

groovy

assert "hello" == " hello ".trim()

java

String s = " hello "; String trimmed = s.trim();

erlang

Trimmed = string:strip(S),

perl

my $string = " hello ";
$string =~ s{
\A\s* # Any number of spaces at the start of the string
(.+?) # Remember any number of characters until we reach
\s*\z # any number of spaces at the end of the string
}{
$1 # Leave the characters we remembered
}x;

my $string = " hello ";
$string =~ s{\A\s*}{};
$string =~ s{\s*\z}{};

#Modification History:
# 2009-MAR-17: GGARIEPY: [creation] (geoff.gariepy@gmail.com)

$string = " hello ";
$string =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g; # All the action happens in one regex!

# Regex Notes:
# ^ - anchors to the beginning of the string
# $ - anchors to the end of the string
# g - causes regex to match as many times as possible
# | - logical OR

Simple substitution cipher

Take a string and return the ROT13 and ROT47 (Check Wikipedia) version of the string.
For example:
String is: Hello World #123
ROT13 returns: Uryyb Jbeyq #123
ROT47 returns: w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab

python

# rot13, readable
rot13_tbl = string.maketrans("ABCDEFGHIJKLMabcdefghijklmNOPQRSTUVWXYZnopqrstuvwxyz", "NOPQRSTUVWXYZnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMabcdefghijklm")
string.translate("Hello World #123", rot13_tbl)

#
# "a bad programmer can write bad code in any language"
#

# rot13, "clever"
string.translate("Hello World #123", string.maketrans(string.lowercase+string.uppercase, string.lowercase[13:]+string.lowercase[:13]+string.uppercase[13:]+string.uppercase[:13]))

# rot47, very "clever"
''.join([ord(c) in range(33,127) and chr(((ord(c)-33+47)%(127-33))+33) or c for c in "Hello World #123"])

"Hello World #123".encode('rot13')

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.cond)

(defn rot13 [s]
(reduce str
(map #(char (let [c (bit-and (int (char %)) 0xDF)]
(+ % (cond-let [i]
(and (>= c (int \A)) (<= c (int \M))) 13
(and (>= c (int \N)) (<= c (int \Z))) -13
true 0))))
(map #(int (char %)) s))))

(defn rot47 [s]
(reduce str
(map #(char (+ % (cond-let [i]
(and (>= % (int \!)) (<= % (int \O))) 47
(and (>= % (int \P)) (<= % (int \~))) -47
true 0)))
(map #(int (char %)) s))))

fsharp

#light

let rotChar (s:int) (l:int) (h:int) (c:char) =
let charCode = int c
let letterCount = h - l + 1
let newCharCode = (charCode - l + s) % letterCount + l
char newCharCode

let rot13 (text:string) =
let rotChar13 = function
| (c:char) when 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z' -> rotChar 13 (int 'A') (int 'Z') c
| c when 'a' <= c && c <= 'z' -> rotChar 13 (int 'a') (int 'z') c
| c -> c
new string([| for c in text -> rotChar13 c|])

let rot47 (text:string) =
let rotChar47 = function
| ' ' as c -> c
| c -> rotChar 47 (int '!') (int '~') c
new string([| for c in text -> rotChar47 c |])

fantom

rot := |Str s, |Int c -> Int| remap -> Str|
{
rs := ""
s.each { rs += remap(it).toChar }
return rs
}

rot13 := |Str s -> Str|
{
rot(s) |Int c -> Int|
{
lc := c.lower
c += (lc >= 'a' && lc <= 'm') ? 13
: ((lc >= 'n' && lc <= 'z') ? -13 : 0)
return c
}
}

rot47 := |Str s -> Str|
{
rot(s) |Int c -> Int|
{
c += (c >= '!' && c <= 'O') ? 47
: ((c >= 'P' && c <= '~') ? -47 : 0)
return c
}
}

s := "Hello World #123"
echo("s=$s")
echo("rot13=${rot13(s)}")
echo("rot47=${rot47(s)}")

groovy

char rot13(s) {
char c = s
switch(c) {
case 'A'..'M': case 'a'..'m': return c+13
case 'N'..'Z': case 'n'..'z': return c-13
default : return c
}
}
String.metaClass.rot13 = {
delegate.collect(this.&rot13).join()
}

from = '!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~'
to = 'PQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO'
String.metaClass.rot47 = {
delegate.collect{ int found = from.indexOf(it); found < 0 ? it : to[found] }.join()
}

assert 'Hello World #123'.rot13() == 'Uryyb Jbeyq #123'
assert 'Hello World #123'.rot47() == 'w6==@ (@C=5 R`ab'

java

CharArrayWriter rot13 = new CharArrayWriter() ;
for (char c : i ) {
char lc = Character.toLowerCase(c) ;
rot13.append( c += ( (lc >= 'a' && lc <= 'm') ? 13 : ( (lc >= 'n' && lc <= 'z') ? -13 : 0 ) )) ;
}

CharArrayWriter rot47 = new CharArrayWriter() ;
for (char c : i )
rot47.append( c += ( (c >= '!' && c <= 'O') ? 47 : ( (c >= 'P' && c <= '~') ? -47 : 0 ) )) ;

erlang

rot13(Str) ->
lists:map(fun(A) ->
if
A >= $A, A =< $Z -> ((A - $A + 13) rem 26) + $A;
A >= $a, A =< $z -> ((A - $a + 13) rem 26) + $a;
true -> A
end
end, Str).

rot47(Str) ->
lists:map(fun(A) ->
if
A >= $!, A =< $~ ->
((A - $! + 47) rem 94) + $!;
true -> A
end
end, Str).

perl

sub rot13 {
my $str = shift;
$str =~ tr/A-Za-z/N-ZA-Mn-za-m/;
return $str;
}

sub rot47 {
my $str = shift;
$str =~ tr/!-~/P-~!-O/;
return $str;
}

my $string = 'Hello World #123';

print "$string\n";
print rot13($string)."\n";
print rot47($string)."\n";

Case

Make a string uppercase

Transform "Space Monkey" into "SPACE MONKEY"

python

"Space Monkey".upper()

clojure

(.toUpperCase "Space Monkey")

fsharp

printfn "%s" ("Space Monkey".ToUpper())

printfn "%s" (String.uppercase "Space Monkey")

fantom

s := "Space Monkey".localeUpper

groovy

println "Space Monkey".toUpperCase()

java

String upper = text.toUpperCase();

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [string:to_upper("Space Monkey")]).

perl

print uc "Space Monkey"

Make a string lowercase

Transform "Caps ARE overRated" into "caps are overrated"

python

"Caps ARE overRated".lower()

clojure

(.toLowerCase "Caps ARE overRated")

fsharp

printfn "%s" ("Caps ARE overRated".ToLower())

printfn "%s" (String.lowercase "Caps ARE overRated")

fantom

s := "Caps ARE overRated".localeLower

groovy

println "Caps ARE overRated".toLowerCase()

java

"Caps ARE overRated".toLowerCase();

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [string:to_lower("Caps ARE overRated")]).

perl

print lc "Caps ARE overRated"

Capitalise the first letter of each word

Transform "man OF stEEL" into "Man Of Steel"

python

from string import capwords
capwords("man OF stEEL")

' '.join(s.capitalize() for s in "man OF stEEL".split())

"man OF stEEL".title()

clojure

(use 'clojure.contrib.str-utils2)
(join " " (map capitalize (split "man OF stEEL" #" ")))

fsharp

let words = String.Join(" ", Array.map (fun (s : String) -> (String.capitalize (s.ToLower()))) ("man OF stEEL".Split [|' '|]))

let wordlst = List.map (fun s -> (String.capitalize (String.lowercase s))) (String.split [' '] "man OF stEEL")
let words = new StringBuilder(List.hd wordlst)
for (s : String) in (List.tl wordlst) do (words.Append(" ").Append(s))

// Previous solutions used old library functions, here's something that works with F# 2.0
let s= "man OF stEEL"
let UpperFirst = function | "" -> "" | s -> s.Substring(0,1).ToUpper() + s.Substring(1).ToLower()
s.Split(' ') |> Array.map UpperFirst |> String.concat " "

let culture = System.Globalization.CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("en-US")
let titleCase = culture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase "man oF sTeel"

fantom

"man OF stEEL".split.map { it.localeLower.localeCapitalize }.join(" ")

groovy

def capitalize(s) { s[0].toUpperCase() + s[1..-1].toLowerCase() }
caps = "man OF stEEL".replaceAll(/\w+/) { w -> capitalize(w) }

caps = "man OF stEEL".replaceAll(/\w+/) { w -> StringUtils.capitalize(w.toLowerCase()) }

caps = WordUtils.capitalizeFully("man OF stEEL")

java

String input = "man OF stEEL";
StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(input);
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
while (tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
String word = tokenizer.nextToken();
sb.append(word.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase());
sb.append(word.substring(1).toLowerCase());
sb.append(' ');
}
String text = sb.toString();

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("man OF stEEL"); String s = sb.toString();
int last = s.length() - 1;

for (int i = 0; i <= last; ++i)
if (Character.isSpaceChar(s.charAt(i)) && i < last) { ++i; sb.setCharAt(i, Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(i))); }
else if (i == 0) sb.setCharAt(i, Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(i)));
else sb.setCharAt(i, Character.toLowerCase(s.charAt(i)));

Matcher m = Pattern.compile("(\\w+)").matcher("man OF stEEL"); StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(32), rsb = new StringBuffer(8);

while (m.find())
{
rsb.replace(0, rsb.length(), m.group().toLowerCase()); rsb.setCharAt(0, Character.toUpperCase(rsb.charAt(0)));
m.appendReplacement(sb, rsb.toString());
}
m.appendTail(sb);

String text = WordUtils.capitalizeFully("man OF stEEL");

erlang

Caps = string:join(lists:map(fun(S) -> to_caps(S) end, string:tokens("man OF stEEL", " ")), " "),

perl

$text =~ s/(\w+)/\u\L$1/g;

Numbers

Mathematical

Find the distance between two points

python

# problem description doesn't say 2D points ;)
from math import sqrt
print sqrt(sum((x-y)**2 for x,y in zip(a, b)))

from math import hypot
print hypot(x2-x1, y2-y1)

clojure

(defstruct point :x :y)

(defn distance
"Euclidean distance between 2 points"
[p1 p2]
(Math/pow (+ (Math/pow (- (:x p1) (:x p2)) 2)
(Math/pow (- (:y p1) (:y p2)) 2))
0.5))

(distance (struct point 0 0) (struct point 1 1)) ; => 1.4142135623730951

(defn distance
"Euclidean distance between 2 points"
[[x1 y1] [x2 y2]]
(Math/sqrt
(+ (Math/pow (- x1 x2) 2)
(Math/pow (- y1 y2) 2))))

(distance [2 2] [3 3])

fsharp

let distance' = distance (34, 78) (67, -45)
printfn "%3.2f" distance'

fantom

px1 := 34.0f; py1 := 78.0f; px2 := 67.0f; py2 := -45.0f
distance := |Float x1, Float y1, Float x2, Float y2 -> Float|
{ ((x2-x1).pow(2.0f) + (y2-y1).pow(2.0f)).sqrt }

distance(px1, py1, px2, py2)

groovy

distance = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)

distance = sqrt((x2-x1)*(x2-x1)+(y2-y1)*(y2-y1))

java

double distance = Point2D.distance(x1, y1, x2, y2);

Point2D point1 = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);
Point2D point2 = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);
double distance = point1.distance(point2);

double distance = Math.hypot(x2-x1, y2-y1);

erlang

Distance = distance({point, 34, 78}, {point, 67, -45}),
io:format("~.2f~n", [Distance]).

Distance = distance(point:new(34, 78), point:new(67, -45)),
io:format("~.2f~n", [Distance]).

perl

use Math::Complex;
$a = Math::Complex->make(0, 3);
$b = Math::Complex->make(4, 0);
$distance = abs($a - $b);

Output

Zero pad a number

Given the number 42, pad it to 8 characters like 00000042

python

"%08d" % 42

clojure

(defn pad
([x] (if (> 8 (.length (str x))) (pad (str 0 x)) (str x)))
)

(defn pad [x]
(format "%08d" x))

(format "%08d" 42)

fsharp

printfn "%08d" 42

let formatted = sprintf "%08d" 42
printfn "%s" formatted

let buffer = new StringBuilder()
Printf.bprintf buffer "%08d" 42
printfn "%s" (buffer.ToString())

let formatted = String.Format("{0,8:D8}", 42)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

let formatted = Convert.ToString(42).PadLeft(8, '0')
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

fantom

formatted := 42.toStr.padl(8, '0')

formatted := 42.toLocale("00000000")

groovy

formatted = new DecimalFormat('00000000').format(42)

formatted = 42.toString().padLeft(8, '0')

// to stdout
printf "%08d\n", 42
// to a string
formatted = sprintf("%08d", 42)

formatted = String.format("%08d", 42)

java

String formatted = new DecimalFormat("00000000").format(42);

String formatted = String.format("%08d", 42);

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~8..0B", [42]),

io:format("~8..0B~n", [42]).

perl

sprintf("%08d", 42);

Right Space pad a number

Given the number 1024 right pad it to 6 characters "1024 "

python

"%-6s" % 1024

str(1024).rjust(6)

'{0: <6}'.format(1024)

clojure

(let [s (str 1024)
l (count s)]
(str s (reduce str (repeat (- 6 l) " "))))

fsharp

printfn "%-6d" 1024

let formatted = String.Format("{0,-6:D}", 1024)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

let formatted = Convert.ToString(1024).PadRight(6)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

fantom

formatted := 1024.toStr.padr(6)

groovy

println 1024.toString().padRight(6)

formatted = sprintf("%-6d", 1024)

java

private static String spaces(int spaces) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for(int i=0; i<spaces; i++) {
sb.append(' ');
}
return sb.toString();
}

private static String rightPad(int number, int spaces) {
String numberString = String.valueOf(number);
return numberString + spaces(spaces - numberString.length());
}

String text = StringUtils.rightPad(String.valueOf(1024), 6)

String formatted = String.format("%-6d", 1024);

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~-6B", [1024]),

io:format("~-6B~n", [1024]).

perl

sprintf("%-6d", 1024);

Format a decimal number

Format the number 7/8 as a decimal with 2 places: 0.88

python

"%.2f" % (7 / 8.0)

round(7./8., 2)

clojure

(format "%3.2f" (/ 7.0 8))

(* 0.01 (Math/round (* 100 (float (/ 7 8)))))

fsharp

printfn "%3.2f" (0.7 / 0.8)

let formatted = String.Format("{0,3:F2}", (0.7 / 0.8))
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

fantom

formatted := (7.0/8.0).toLocale("0.00")

groovy

def result = 7/8
println result.round(new MathContext(2))

def result = 7/8
printf "%.2g", result

new Double(7/8).round(2)

java

String formatted = String.format("%3.2f", 7./8.);

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~.2f", [7/8]),

io:format("~.2f~n", [7/8]).

perl

sprintf("%.2f", 7/8);

Left Space pad a number

Given the number 73 left pad it to 10 characters " 73"

python

"%10s" % 73

clojure

(let [s (str 73)
l (count s)]
(str (reduce str (repeat (- 10 l) " ")) s ))

fsharp

let formatted = sprintf "%10d" 73
printfn "%s" formatted

let formatted = String.Format("{0,10:D}", 73)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

let formatted = Convert.ToString(73).PadLeft(10)
Console.WriteLine(formatted)

fantom

formatted := 73.toStr.padl(10)

groovy

println 73.toString().padLeft(10)

printf "%10d\n", 73

java

private static String spaces(int spaces) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for(int i=0; i<spaces; i++) {
sb.append(' ');
}
return sb.toString();
}

private static String leftPad(int number, int spaces) {
String numberString = String.valueOf(number);
return spaces(spaces - numberString.length()) + numberString;
}

String formatted = String.format("%10d", 73);

erlang

Formatted = io_lib:format("~10B", [73]),

io:format("~10B~n", [73]).

perl

sprintf("%10d", 73);

Random

Generate a random integer in a given range

Produce a random integer between 100 and 200 inclusive

python

import random
random.randint(100, 200)

# uses best entropy source available (e.g. /dev/urandom, CryptGenRandom, ...)

import random
print random.SystemRandom().randint(100,200)

clojure

(+ (rand-int (- 201 100)) 100)

fsharp

let rnd = new Random()
let rndInt = rnd.Next(100, 201)

fantom

r := Int.random(100..200)

groovy

random = new Random()
randomInt = random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100

java

Random random = new Random();
int randomInt = random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100;

erlang

RandomInt = gen_rand_integer(100, 200),

perl

my $range = 100;
my $minimum = 100;

my $random_number = int(rand($range)) + $minimum;

print "$random_number\n";

Generate a repeatable random number sequence

Initialise a random number generator with a seed and generate five decimal values. Reset the seed and produce the same values.

python

import random

random.seed(12345)
list1 = [random.randint(1,10) for x in range(5)]

random.seed(12345)
list2 = [random.randint(1,10) for x in range(5)]

assert(list1==list2)

clojure

(dotimes [_ 2]
(let [r (java.util.Random. 12345)]
(dotimes [_ 5]
(println (.nextInt r 100))))
(println))

fsharp

let (seed, lb, ub) = (12345, 100, 200)

let mutable rnd = new Random(seed)
for i = 1 to 5 do printf "%d " (rnd.Next(lb, ub + 1)) done ; printfn ""

rnd <- new Random(seed)
for i = 1 to 5 do printf "%d " (rnd.Next(lb, ub + 1)) done ; printfn ""

fantom

rand := Random.makeSeeded(12345)
first := Int[,].fill(0,5).map { rand.next(100..200) }

rand2 := Random.makeSeeded(12345)
second := Int[,].fill(0,5).map { rand2.next(100..200) }

groovy

random = new Random(12345)
orig = (1..5).collect { random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100 }
random = new Random(12345)
repeat = (1..5).collect { random.nextInt(200-100+1)+100 }
assert orig == repeat

java

int[] arr1 = genFillRand(new int[5], new Random(12345), 100, 200);
int[] arr2 = genFillRand(new int[5], new Random(12345), 100, 200);

for (int[] arr : new int[][]{ arr1, arr2 }) { for (int i : arr) System.out.printf("%d ", i); System.out.println(); }

erlang

setRNG(RNGState),
io:format("~w~n", [lists:map(fun (_) -> gen_rand_integer(100, 200) end, lists:seq(1, 5))]),

setRNG(RNGState),
io:format("~w~n", [lists:map(fun (_) -> gen_rand_integer(100, 200) end, lists:seq(1, 5))]).

perl

srand(12345);
@list1 = map(int(rand(100)+1), (1..5));

srand(12345);
@list2 = map(int(rand(100)+1), (1..5));

print join(', ', @list1) . "\n";
print join(', ', @list2) . "\n";

Regex

Matching

Check if a string matches a regular expression

Display "ok" if "Hello" matches /[A-Z][a-z]+/

python

found = re.match(r'[A-Z][a-z]+', 'Hello')
if found:
print 'ok'

clojure

(if (re-matches #"[A-Z][a-z]+" "Hello")
(println "ok"))

fsharp

if (Regex.IsMatch("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+")) then printfn "ok"

fantom

if (Regex<|[A-Z][a-z]+|>.matches("Hello"))
echo("ok")

groovy

if ("Hello" =~ /[A-Z][a-z]+/) println 'ok'

if ("Hello".find(/[A-Z][a-z]+/)) println 'ok'

// with precompiled regex
def regex = ~/[A-Z][a-z]+/
if ("Hello".find(regex)) println 'ok'

// with precompiled regex
def regex = ~/[A-Z][a-z]+/
if ("Hello".matches(regex)) println 'ok'

if ("Hello".matches("[A-Z][a-z]+")) println 'ok'

java

if ("Hello".matches("[A-Z][a-z]+")) {
System.out.println("ok");
}

erlang

String = "Hello", Regexp = "[A-Z][a-z]+",
is_match(String, Regexp) andalso (begin io:format("ok~n"), true end).

case re:run("Hello", "[A-Z][a-z]+") of {match, _} -> ok end.

perl

print 'ok' if ('Hello' =~ /[A-Z][a-z]+/);

Check if a string matches with groups

Display "two" if "one two three" matches /one (.*) three/

python

match = re.match(r'one (.*) three', 'one two three')
if match:
print match.group(1)

clojure

(if-let [groups (re-matches #"one (.*) three" "one two three")]
(println (second groups)))

fsharp

let regmatch = (Regex.Match("one two three", "one (.*) three"))
if regmatch.Success then (printfn "%s" (regmatch.Groups.[1].Captures.[0].ToString()))

fantom

m := Regex<|one (.*) three|>.matcher("one two three")
if (m.matches)
echo("${m.group(1)}")

groovy

matcher = ("one two three" =~ /one (.*) three/)
if (matcher) println matcher[0][1]

match = "one two three".find("one (.*) three") { it[1] }
if (match) println match

java

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("one (.*) three");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher("one two three");
if (matcher.matches()) {
System.out.println(matcher.group(1));
}

erlang

case re:run("one two three", "one (.*) three", [{capture, [1], list}]) of {match, Res} -> hd(Res) end.

perl

print $1 if "one two three"=~/^one (.*) three$/

Searching

Check if a string contains a match to a regular expression

Display "ok" if "abc 123 @#$" matches /\d+/

python

found = re.search(r'\d+', 'abc 123 @#$')
if found:
print 'ok'

clojure

(if (re-find #"\d+" "abc 123 @#$")
(println "ok"))

fsharp

if (Regex.IsMatch("abc 123 @#$", "\\d+")) then printfn "ok"

fantom

m := Regex<|\d+|>.matcher("abc 123 @#\$")
if (m.find)
echo("ok")

groovy

if ('abc 123 @#$' =~ /\d+/) println 'ok'

if ('abc 123 @#$'.find(/\d+/)) println 'ok'

java

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("\\d+");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
if (matcher.find()) {
System.out.println("ok");
}

erlang

% Erlang uses 'egrep'-compatible regular expressions, so shortcuts like '\d' not supported
String = "abc 123 @#$", Regexp = "[0-9]+",
is_match(String, Regexp) andalso (begin io:format("ok~n"), true end).

case re:run("abc 123 @#$", "\\d+") of {match, _} -> ok end.

perl

print "ok" if ("abc 123 @#\$" =~ m/\d+/)

Loop through a string matching a regex and performing an action for each match

Create a list [fish1,cow3,boat4] when matching "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4" with regex /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/

python

map(''.join, re.findall(r"$(\w+)$:(\d+)", "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4"))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(''.join(m.groups()) for m in re.finditer(r"$(\w+)$:(\d+)", "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4"))

clojure

(let [matcher (re-matcher #"$(\w+)$:(\d+)" "(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4")]
(loop [match (re-find matcher)
lst []]
(if match
(recur (re-find matcher) (conj lst (str (second match) (nth match 2))))
lst)))

fsharp

let list = new ResizeArray<string>()
let mutable regmatch = (Regex.Match("(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4", "\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)"))

while regmatch.Success do
list.Add(regmatch.Groups.[1].Captures.[0].ToString() ^ regmatch.Groups.[2].Captures.[0].ToString())
regmatch <- regmatch.NextMatch()
done

for word in list do printfn "%s" word done

// A solution without mutation:
let results =
Regex.Matches("(fish):1 sausage (cow):3 tree (boat):4", "\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)")
|> Seq.cast
|> Seq.map (fun (regmatch: Match) ->
regmatch.Groups.[1].Captures.[0].ToString() + regmatch.Groups.[2].Captures.[0].ToString()
)
|> List.ofSeq

fantom

m := Regex<|$(\w+)$:(\d+)|>.matcher(s)
list := Str[,]
while (m.find) { list.add("${m.group(1)}${m.group(2)}") }

groovy

list = (text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/).collect{ it[1] + it[2] }

list = []
text.eachMatch(/$(\w+)$:(\d+)/){
list << it[1] + it[2]
}

list = []
text.eachMatch(/$(\w+)$:(\d+)/){ m, name, number ->
list << "$name$number"
}

list = (text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/).collect{ all, name, num -> "$name$num" }

list = text.findAll(regex){ _, name, num -> "$name$num" }

list = text.findAll(regex){ it[1] + it[2] }

java

List list = new ArrayList();
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("\$(\\w+)\$:(\\d+)");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(text);
while(matcher.find()) {
list.add(matcher.group(1)+matcher.group(2));
}

erlang

solve(S) ->
R = "\$(\\w+?)\$:(\\d+)",
{match, M} = re:run(S,R, [global, {capture, all_but_first, list}]),
[ A++N || [A, N] <- M].

perl

while ($text =~ /$(\w+)$:(\d+)/g) {
push @list, "$1$2"
}

Replacing

Replace the first regex match in a string with a static string

Transform "Red Green Blue" into "R*d Green Blue" by replacing /e/ with "*"

python

print re.sub(r'e', '*', 'Red Green Blue', 1)

clojure

(.replaceFirst (re-matcher #"e" "Red Green Blue") "*")

fsharp

let replaced = ((new Regex("e")).Replace("Red Green Blue", "*", 1))
printfn "%s" replaced

fantom

replaced := Regex<|e|>.split("Red Green Blue",2).join("*")

groovy

replaced = "Red Green Blue".replaceFirst("e", "*")

java

String replaced = "Red Green Blue".replaceFirst("e", "*");

erlang

{ok, Replaced, _} = regexp:sub("Red Green Blue", "e", "*"),

re:replace("Red Green Blue", "e", "*", [{return, list}]).

perl

$text =~s/e/*/;

Replace all regex matches in a string with a static string

Transform "She sells sea shells" into "She X X shells" by replacing /se\w+/ with "X"

python

transformed = re.sub(r'se\w+', 'X', 'She sells sea shells')

clojure

(.replaceAll (re-matcher #"se\w+" "She sells sea shells") "X")

fsharp

let replaced = ((new Regex("se\\w+")).Replace("She sells sea shells", "X"))
printfn "%s" replaced

fantom

replaced := Regex<|se\w+|>.split("She sells sea shells").join("X")

groovy

replaced = text.replaceAll(/se\w+/,"X")

java

String replaced = text.replaceAll("se\\w+", "X");

erlang

% Erlang uses 'egrep'-compatible regular expressions, so shortcuts like '\w' not supported
{ok, Replaced, _} = regexp:gsub("She sells sea shells", "se[A-Za-z0-9_]+", "X"),

re:replace("She sells sea shells", "se\\w+", "X", [global, {return, list}]).

perl

$text = "She sells sea shells";
$text =~ s/se\w+/X/g;

Replace all regex matches in a string with a dynamic string

Transform "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}" into "The kciuQ Brown xoF" by reversing words in braces using the regex /\{(\w+)\}/.

python

transformed = re.sub(r'\{(\w+)\}',
lambda match: match.group(1)[::-1],
'The {Quick} Brown {Fox}')

clojure

(def *string* "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}")
(def *regex* (re-pattern #"\{(\w+)\}"))

(println
(loop [result ""
src *string*
replace-strs (re-seq *regex* *string*)]
(if (empty? src)
result
(let [[match replacement] (first replace-strs)]
(if (= (first src) (first match))
; At the beginning of a sequence that should be replaced.
; Do replacement of a single match
(recur (str result (apply str (reverse replacement)))
(drop (count match) src)
(rest replace-strs))
; else, just copy one char from the source to the result
(recur (str result (first src))
(rest src)
replace-strs))))))

(clojure.string/replace "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}"
#"\{(\w+)\}"
(fn [[_ word]] (apply str (reverse word))))

fsharp

open System
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
let reverseMatch (m:Match) =
String(m.Groups.[1].Value.ToCharArray() |> Array.rev)
let output = Regex.Replace("The {Quick} Brown {Fox}", @"\{(\w+)\}", reverseMatch)

fantom

s := "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}"
m := Regex<|\{(\w+)\}|>.matcher(s)
buf := StrBuf(s.size)
last := 0
while (m.find)
{
buf.add(s[last..m.start-1]).add(m.group(1).reverse)
last = m.end
}
buf.add(s[last..-1])
replaced := buf.toStr

groovy

replaced = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}".replaceAll(/\{(\w+)\}/, { full, word -> word.reverse() } )

java

Matcher m = Pattern.compile("\\{(\\w+)\\}").matcher("The {Quick} Brown {Fox}");
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(32), rsb = new StringBuffer(8);

while (m.find())
{
rsb.replace(0, rsb.length(), m.group(1)); rsb.reverse(); m.appendReplacement(sb, rsb.toString());
}
m.appendTail(sb);

erlang

% Erlang regular expressions lack both group capture and backreferences, thus this problem is not directly
% solvable. Presented solution is close, but not on-spec

String = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}",
{match, FieldList} = regexp:matches(String, "\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}"),

NewString = lists:foldl(fun ({Start, Length}, S) -> replstr(S, lists:reverse(string:substr(S, Start, Length)), Start) end, String, FieldList),

perl

$text = "The {Quick} Brown {Fox}";
$text =~ s/\{(\w+)\}/reverse($1)/ge;

Lists

Declaration

Define an empty list

Assign the variable "list" to a list with no elements

python

list = []

clojure

(list)

'()

fsharp

let list = []

let list = List.empty

let list = new Generic.List<string>()

let list = new Generic.LinkedList<string>()

fantom

list := [,]

groovy

list = []

// if a special kind of list is required
list = new LinkedList() // java style
LinkedList list = [] // statically typed
// using 'as' operator
list = [] as java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList

java

List list = Collections.emptyList();

String[] list = {};

erlang

List = [],

perl

@list = ();

Define a static list

Define the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five]

python

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
print list

clojure

(def a '[One Two Three Four Five])

fsharp

let list = ["One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"]

let list = (new Generic.LinkedList<string>([|"One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"|]))

let list = (new Generic.LinkedList<string>())

list.AddFirst("One") ; list.AddLast("Five") ; list.AddBefore(list.Find("Five"), "Four")
list.AddAfter(list.Find("One"), "Two") ; list.AddAfter(list.Find("Two"), "Three")

let list = (new Generic.List<string>())

[|"One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"|] |> Array.iter (fun x -> list.Add(x))

fantom

list := ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]

groovy

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']

// other variations
List<String> numbers1 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
String[] numbers2 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
numbers3 = new LinkedList(['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'])
numbers4 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'] as Stack // Groovy 1.6+

java

List<String> numbers = new ArrayList<String>();
Collections.addAll(numbers, "One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five");

List numbers = new ArrayList();
numbers.add("One");
numbers.add("Two");
numbers.add("Three");
numbers.add("Four");
numbers.add("Five");

List numbers = Arrays.asList(new String[]{"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"});

String[] numbers = {"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"};

List numbers = new ArrayList(){{put("One"); put("Two"); put("Three"); put("Four"); put("Five"); }};

erlang

List = [one, two, three, four, five],

List = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five'],

perl

@list = qw(One Two Three Four Five);

@list = ('One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five');

Output

Join the elements of a list, separated by commas

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot] produce "Apple, Banana, Carrot"

python

print ", ".join(['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot'])

clojure

(apply str (interpose ", " '("Apple" "Banana" "Carrot")))

fsharp

let result = String.Join(", ", [|"Apple"; "Banana"; "Carrot"|])

let result = (List.fold_left (fun acc item -> acc ^ (", " ^ item)) (List.hd fruit) (List.tl fruit))

let result = (List.fold_left (fun (acc : StringBuilder) (item : string) -> acc.Append(", ").Append(item)) (new StringBuilder(List.hd fruit)) (List.tl fruit)).ToString()

fantom

["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"].join(", ")

groovy

string = fruit.join(', ')

string = fruit.toString()[1..-2]

java

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (Iterator it = fruit.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
sb.append(it.next());
if (it.hasNext()) {
sb.append(", ");
}
}
String result = sb.toString();

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(fruit.get(0));
for (String item : fruit.subList(1, fruit.size())) sb.append(", ").append(item);
String result = sb.toString();

String result = StringUtils.join(fruit, ", ");

erlang

Result = string:join(Fruit, ", "),

Result = lists:foldl(fun (E, Acc) -> Acc ++ ", " ++ E end, hd(Fruit), tl(Fruit)),

Result = lists:flatten([ hd(Fruit) | [ ", " ++ X || X <- tl(Fruit)]]).

perl

print join ', ', qw(Apple Banana Carrot);

# Longer and less efficient than join(), but illustrates
# Perl's foreach operator, which can be useful for
# less trivial problems with lists

@list = ('Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot');
foreach $fruit (@list) {
print "$fruit,";
}
print "\n";

my @a = qw/Apple Banana Carrot/;
{
local $, = ", ";
print @a
}
print "\n";

my @a = qw/Apple Banana Carrot/;
{
local $" = ", ";
print "@a\n";
}

Join the elements of a list, in correct english

Create a function join that takes a List and produces a string containing an english language concatenation of the list. It should work with the following examples:
join([Apple, Banana, Carrot]) = "Apple, Banana, and Carrot"
join([One, Two]) = "One and Two"
join([Lonely]) = "Lonely"
join([]) = ""

python

def join(*x):
if len(x) <= 2:
return ' and '.join(x)
else:
return ', '.join(x[:-1] + ('and ' + x[-1],))

if __name__ == "__main__":
assert join("Apple", "Banana", "Carrot") == "Apple, Banana, and Carrot"
assert join("One", "Two") == "One and Two"
assert join("Lonely") == "Lonely"
assert join(*[]) == ""

clojure

(defn join [lst]
(cond
(= (count lst) 0) ""
(= (count lst) 1) (first lst)
(= (count lst) 2) (str (first lst) " and " (second lst))
(> (count lst) 2) (loop [lst lst sb (StringBuilder.)]
(if (empty? lst)
(.toString sb)
(recur (rest lst) (.append sb (cond
(> (count lst) 2) (str (first lst) ", ")
(> (count lst) 1) (str (first lst) ", and ")
(= (count lst) 1) (str (first lst)))))))))

(defn join
([lst]
(join lst false))
([lst is-long]
(condp = (count lst)
0 ""
1 (first lst)
2 (str (first lst) (if is-long ",") " and " (second lst))
(str (first lst) ", " (join (rest lst) true)))))

fsharp

fantom

join := |List list -> Str|
{
switch(list.size)
{
case 0: return ""
case 1: return list[0]
case 2: return list.join(" and ")
default: return list[0..-2].join(", ") + ", and " + list[-1]
}
}

echo(join(["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]))
echo(join(["One", "Two"]))
echo(join(["Lonely"]))
echo(join([,]))

groovy

def join(list) {
if (!list) return ''
switch(list.size()) {
case 1:
return list[0]
case 2:
return list.join(' and ')
default:
return list[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + list[-1]
}
}

ArrayList.metaClass.joinEng = { ->
def closureMap = [0: { -> delegate.join(' and ')}, 1 : {-> delegate.join(' and ')}].withDefault { k -> { -> delegate[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + delegate[-1] } }
if (delegate.size()) closureMap[delegate.size()-1].call()
else ""
}

assert ["a"].joinEng() == "a"
assert ["a", "b"].joinEng() == "a and b"
assert ["a", "b", "c"].joinEng() == "a, b, and c"
assert [].joinEng() == ""

java

private String join(List elements) {
if (elements == null || elements.size() == 0) {
return "";
} else if (elements.size() == 1) {
return elements.get(0).toString();
} else if (elements.size() == 2) {
return elements.get(0) + " and " + elements.get(1);
}
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (Iterator it = elements.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
String next = (String) it.next();
if (sb.length() > 0) {
if (it.hasNext()) {
sb.append(", ");
} else {
sb.append(", and ");
}
}
sb.append(next);
}
return sb.toString();
}

System.out.println(join(fruit));

erlang

io:format("~s~n", [join(Fruit)]).

% ------

join([]) -> "";
join([W|Ws]) -> join(Ws, W).

join([], S) -> S;
join([W], S) -> join([], S ++ " and " ++ W);
join([W|Ws], S) -> join(Ws, S ++ ", " ++ W).

%% According to the reference manual, "string is not a data type in Erlang."
%% Instead it has lists of integers. But I/O functions in general accept
%% IO lists, where an IO list is either a list of IO lists or an integer.
%% This gives you O(1) string concatenation.

-module(commalist).
-export([join/1]).

join([]) -> "";
join([W]) -> W;
join([W1, W2]) -> [W1, " and ", W2];
join([W1, W2, W3]) -> [W1, ", ", W2, ", and ", W3];
join([W1|Ws]) -> [W1, ", ", join(Ws)].

perl

sub myjoin {
$_ = join ', ', @_;
s/, ([^,]+)$/ and $1/;
return $_;
}

# Note: I don't think this meets the spec --Geoff

sub myjoin {
if ($#_ < 2) {
return join ' and ', @_;
} else {
return join(', ', @_[0..$#_-1]) . ' and ' . $_[-1];
}
}

# Note: I don't think this meets the spec --Geoff

# Previous "myjoin()" responses don't meet the spec of including
# the final comma before the "and" if the list has more than
# two elements...this is one way to meet that spec...it may
# not be the most efficient...

sub AnotherMyJoin {
my @list = @_;

if ($#list == -1) {return}
elsif ($#list == 0) {return $list[0]}
elsif ($#list == 1) {return $list[0].' and '.$list[1]}
else {
return join(", ", @list[0..$#list - 1]) . ', and '. $list[$#list];
}
}

# This is the long way, but it's kind of fun
# It illustrates the use of Perl's reverse()
# operator to work our way through the list
# elements backwards...I wrote this one before
# getting smart and looking at some of the other
# algorithms from the other languages. Still,
# it is only 12 lines of code vs 9 for my other
# solution if you disregard the comments.

sub myjoin {
my @list = reverse(@_); # Reverse original order of elements
my $retval;

# Make our exit here if we were passed an empty list
if ($#list == -1) {return}

# Loop through reversed elements in end-to-start order
for (0..$#list) {
# Add the reversed form of each element plus a space char
$retval .= reverse($list[$_]).' ';

# Add 'and' to lists with two or more elements
# placing it in between final and 'next to final'
$retval .= "dna " if ($#list > 0 and $_== 0);

# Add ',' to each element as long as there are more
# than two elements and the current element isn't the
# final element
$retval .= "," if ($#list > 1 and $_ != $#list);
}

# Remove what will end up as an extraneous leading space
chop($retval);

# Done looping, now reverse things back into correct order and return
$retval = reverse($retval);
return($retval);
}

# Yes, this doesn't meet the spec, the spec is flawed
# the serial comma (Oxford comma) is not required in a list
sub english_join {
return join(', ', @_[0..$#_-1])
. ($#_ ? ' and ' : '' )
. $_[-1];
}

Produce the combinations from two lists

Given two lists, produce the list of tuples formed by taking the combinations from the individual lists. E.g. given the letters ["a", "b", "c"] and the numbers [4, 5], produce the list: [["a", 4], ["b", 4], ["c", 4], ["a", 5], ["b", 5], ["c", 5]]

python

[(x, y) for y in [1,2] for x in ['a','b','c']]

import itertools
[x for x in itertools.product(["a", "b", "c"], [4, 5])]

clojure

(defn combine [lst1 lst2]
(mapcat (fn [x] (map #(list % x) lst1)) lst2))

(mapcat (fn [x] (map #(list % x) ["a", "b", "c"])) [4, 5])

fsharp

let combinations = (List.fold_left (fun acc number -> acc @ (List.map (fun letter -> (letter, number)) letters)) [] numbers)

let combinations aa bb =
aa
|> List.map (fun a -> bb |> List.map (fun b -> (a, b)))
|> List.concat

fantom

[4,5].each |Int i| { ["a","b","c"].each |Str s| { r.add([i,s]) } }

groovy

letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
numbers = [4, 5]
combos = [letters, numbers].combinations()

java

List<String> combinations = new ArrayList<String>();

for (int number : numbers)
for (String letter : letters)
combinations.add(letter + ":" + Integer.toString(number));

SortedSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Integer> > combinations =
new TreeSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Integer> >(new CombinationComparator());

for (int number : numbers)
for (String letter : letters)
combinations.add(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Integer>(letter, Integer.valueOf(number)));

erlang

Combinations =
lists:foldl(fun (Number, Acc) -> Acc ++ lists:map(fun (Letter) -> {Letter, Number} end, Letters) end, [], Numbers),

Combinations = lists:keysort(2, sofs:to_external(sofs:product(sofs:set(Letters), sofs:set(Numbers))))

[[A, B] || A <- ["a", "b", "c"], B <- [4, 5]].

perl

@letters = qw(a b c);
@numbers = (4, 5);
@list = map { $number=$_; map [$_, $number], @letters; } @numbers;

@letters = qw(a b c);
@numbers = (4, 5);

for $number (@numbers) {
for $letter (@letters) {
push @list, [$letter, $number];
}
}

From a List Produce a List of Duplicate Entries

Taking a list:
["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

Write the code to produce a list of duplicates in the list:
["bob"]

python

import itertools
input = ["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]
input.sort()
output = [k for k, g in itertools.groupby(input, lambda x: x) if len(list(g)) > 1]

clojure

(->> '("andrew" "bob" "chris" "bob")
(group-by identity)
(filter #(> (count (second %)) 1))
(map first))

fsharp

["andrew"; "bob"; "chris"; "bob"]
|> Seq.countBy id
|> Seq.filter (fun (k,n) -> n > 1)
|> Seq.map fst
|> Seq.toList

fantom

nameCounts := Str:Int[:] { def = 0 }
["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"].each |Str v| { nameCounts[v]++ }
results := nameCounts.findAll |Int v, Str k->Bool| { v > 1 }.keys
echo(results.join(","))

groovy

def input = ["andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"]

def output = input.findAll{input.count(it)>1}.unique()

assert output == ["bob"]

java

List listOfDuplicates = new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(new String[]{"andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob"}));

Set set = new HashSet(listOfDuplicates);
for (Object element : set)
listOfDuplicates.remove(element);

erlang

{_, Result} = lists:foldl(
fun(X, {Uniq, Dupl}) -> case lists:member(X, Uniq) of
true -> {Uniq,[X | Dupl]};
_ -> {[X | Uniq], Dupl}
end
end,
{[], []},
List),

Fun = fun
([X | Xs], F) -> case lists:member(X, Xs) of
true -> [X | F(Xs, F)];
_ -> F(Xs, F)
end;
([], _) -> []
end,
Result = Fun(List, Fun).

perl

my @input = ("andrew", "bob", "chris", "bob", "bob");

my %input_count;
my @output = grep { $input_count{$_}++; $input_count{$_} == 2 } @input;

Access

Fetch an element of a list by index

Given the list [One, Two, Three, Four, Five], fetch the third element ('Three')

python

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
list[2]

clojure

(nth '[One Two Three Four Five] 2)

fsharp

let result = List.nth ["One"; "Two"; "Three"; "Four"; "Five"] 2

fantom

["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"][2]

["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"].get(2)

groovy

list = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
result = list[2] // index starts at 0

java

String result = list.get(2);

erlang

Result = lists:nth(3, List),

Result = element(3, list_to_tuple(List)),

{Left, _} = lists:split(3, List), Result = lists:last(Left),

Result = nth0(2, List),

perl

qw(One Two Three Four Five)[2];

@list = qw(One Two Three Four Five);
$list[2];

Fetch the last element of a list

Given the list [Red, Green, Blue], access the last element ('Blue')

python

list = ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue']
list[-1]

clojure

(last '[One Two Three Four Five])

fsharp

let last list =
let rec last' list' =
match list' with
| [x] -> x
| x :: xs -> last' xs
if List.is_empty list then failwith "empty list" else last' list

// ------

let result = last list

let result = (List.nth list ((List.length list) - 1))

let result = (List.hd (List.rev list))

fantom

["Red", "Green", "Blue"][-1]

["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"].last

groovy

list = ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue']
result = list[-1]

java

String result = list.get(list.size() - 1);

erlang

Result = lists:last(List),

Result = last(List),

Result = hd(lists:reverse(List)),

Result = lists:nth(length(List), List),

perl

qw(Red Green Blue)[-1];

@list = qw(Red Green Blue);
$list[-1];

Find the common items in two lists

Given two lists, find the common items. E.g. given beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white'] and colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green'], what are the bean varieties that are also color names?

python

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']

common = [b for b in beans if b in colors]

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']

common = set(beans) & set(colors)

clojure

(use 'clojure.set)

(let [beans '[broad mung black red white]
colors '[black red blue green]]
(intersection (set beans) (set colors)))

fsharp

let beans = (Set.of_list ["broad"; "mung"; "black"; "red"; "white"])
let colors = (Set.of_list ["black"; "red"; "blue"; "green"])
let common = (Set.intersect beans colors)

let beans = Set ["broad"; "mung"; "black"; "red"; "white"]
let colors = Set ["black"; "red"; "blue"; "green"]
let common = Set.intersect beans colors

// Iterates elements of
// list1 across Elements of list2 returning a list of string options
// as generated by List.tryFind
let findCommon(list1 : 'a list, list2 : 'a list) : 'a list =
list1 |> List.map(fun y -> list2 |> List.tryFind(fun x -> y = x))
// Iterates elements of string option list generated above
// returning a string list containing common elements of List1 and List2
|> List.fold(fun acc x -> if x <> None then x.Value::acc else acc) []
// reverse order of list (can't seem to make List.foldBack work for this
|> List.rev

let beans = ["broad"; "mung"; "black"; "red"; "white"]
let colors = ["black"; "red"; "blue"; "green"]
printfn "%A" (findCommon(beans, colors)) ;;

fantom

beans := ["broad", "mung", "black", "red", "white"]
colors := ["black", "red", "blue", "green"]
echo(beans.intersection(colors))

groovy

beans = ['broad', 'mung', 'black', 'red', 'white']
colors = ['black', 'red', 'blue', 'green']
common = beans.intersect(colors)
assert common == ['black', 'red']

java

List beans = Arrays.asList(new String[]{"broad", "mung", "black", "red", "white"});
List colors = Arrays.asList(new String[]{"black", "red", "blue", "green"});

List common = ListUtils.intersection(beans, colors);

erlang

Beans = sets:from_list([broad, mung, black, red, white]), Colors = sets:from_list([black, red, blue, green]),

Common = sets:to_list(sets:intersection(Beans, Colors)),

perl

@beans = qw(broad mung black red white);
@colors = qw(black red blue green);
@seen{@beans} = ();
for (@colors) {
push(@intersection, $_) if exists($seen{$_});
}
print join(', ', @intersection);

@beans = qw(broad mung black red white);
@colors = qw(black red blue green);

my %colors_hash = map { $_ => 1 } @colors;
my @intersection = grep { $colors_hash{$_} } @beans;
print join(', ', @intersection),"\n";

@beans = qw/broad mung black red white/;
@colors = qw/black red blue green/;

print join ', ', grep { $_ ~~ @colors } @beans;

Display the unique items in a list

Display the unique items in a list, e.g. given ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18], display the unique elements, i.e. with duplicates removed.

python

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]

unique_ages = list(set(ages))

clojure

;; returns a set
(set [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])
;;#{14 16 17 18 19}

;; returns a lazy sequence of the unique elements
(distinct [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])
;;(18 16 17 19 14)

fsharp

(Set.ofList [18; 16; 17; 18; 16; 19; 14; 17; 19; 18]) |> Set.iter (fun age -> printf "%d, " age)

fantom

uniqueAges := [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18].unique
echo(uniqueAges)

groovy

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]
println ages.unique()

ages = [18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]
unique = ages as Set
println unique

java

Set<Integer> ages = new TreeSet<Integer>(Arrays.asList(new Integer[]{18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18}));

System.out.println(ages);

erlang

Ages = sets:to_list(sets:from_list([18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18])), io:format("~w~n", [Ages]).

lists:usort([18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18]).

perl

@ages = (18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18);
@seen{@ages} = ();
@unique = keys %seen;
print join(', ', @unique);

@ages = (18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18);
@unique = grep(!$seen{$_}++, @ages);
print join(', ', @unique);

@ages = (18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18);
print join(', ', grep(!$seen{$_}++, @ages));

@ages = (18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18);
for (@ages) {
push(@unique, $_) unless $seen{$_}++;
}
print join(', ', @unique);

use List::MoreUtils qw(uniq);

@ages = (18, 16, 17, 18, 16, 19, 14, 17, 19, 18);
print join(', ', uniq(@ages));

Modification

Remove an element from a list by index

Given the list [Apple, Banana, Carrot], remove the first element to produce the list [Banana, Carrot]

python

myList = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
print myList
del myList[0]
# or
myList.pop(0) # returns 'Apple'
print myList

clojure

(let [fruit ["Apple" "Banana" "Carrot"]
index 0]
(concat
(take index fruit)
(drop (+ index 1) fruit)))

fsharp

let split_at list n =
let rec split_at' list' n' left right =
match list' with
| [] -> (List.rev left, List.rev right)
| x :: xs -> if n' <= n then split_at' xs (n' + 1) (x :: left) right else split_at' xs (n' + 1) left (x :: right)
split_at' list 0 [] []

// ------

let (_, right) = split_at fruit 0

let drop list n =
if n <= 0 then
list
else
let (_, right) = split_at list (n - 1)
right

// ------

let result = (drop fruit 1)

fantom

list := ["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]
list.removeAt(0)

groovy

// to produce a new list
newlist = list.tail() // for 'Apple' at start
newlist = list - 'Apple' // for 'Apple' anywhere

// mutate original list
list.remove(0)

java

list.remove(0);

erlang

Result = tl(List),

[_|Result] = List,

N = 1, {Left, Right} = lists:split(N - 1, List), Result = Left ++ tl(Right),

Result = drop(1, List),

perl

@list = qw(Apple Banana Carrot);
shift @list;

@list = qw(Apple Banana Carrot);
$offset = 0;
splice(@list, $offset, 1);

Remove the last element of a list

python

myList = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
myList.pop()

clojure

(pop ["Apple" "Banana" "Carrot"])

fsharp

let take list n =
if n <= 0 then
list
else
let (left, _) = split_at list (n - 1)
left

// ------

let result = (take fruit ((List.length fruit) - 1))

let but_last list =
let rec but_last' list' acc =
match list' with
| [x] -> List.rev acc
| x :: xs -> but_last' xs (x :: acc)
if List.is_empty list then [] else but_last' list []

// ------

let result = (but_last fruit)

fantom

list := ["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]
list.removeAt(-1)

list := ["Apple", "Banana", "Carrot"]¨
list.pop

groovy

list = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Carrot']
// to produce a new list
newlist = list[0,1]
// to modify original list
list.remove(2)

java

list.remove(list.size() - 1);

erlang

Result = init(List),

Result = take(length(List) - 1, List),

Result = lists:reverse(tl(lists:reverse(List))),

perl

pop @list;

Rotate a list

Given a list ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"], rotate it by removing the first item and placing it on the end to yield ["orange", "grapes", "bananas", "apple"]

python

l = ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"]
first, l = l[0], l[1:] + l[:1]

fruit = ['apple', 'orange', 'grapes', 'bananas']
fruit.append(fruit.pop(0))

clojure

(let [fruit ["apple" "orange" "grapes" "bananas"]]
(concat (rest fruit) [(first fruit)])

fsharp

let rotate list n =
if n <= 0 then
list
else
let (left, right) = split_at list (n - 1)
right @ left

// ------

let result = (rotate fruit 1)

fantom

list := ["apple", "orange", "grapes", "bananas"]
list.add(list.removeAt(0))

groovy

first = items.head()
items = items.tail() + first

items = items[1..-1] + items[0]

items = items + items.remove(0)

java

list.add(list.remove(0));

Collections.rotate(list, -1);

erlang

N = 1, {Left, Right} = lists:split(N, List), Result = Right ++ Left,

N = 1, Result = rotate(N, List),

perl

@list = qw(apple, orange, grapes, bananas);
push @list, shift @list;

@list = qw(apple orange grapes bananas);
@list = @list[1..$#list,0];

Manipulation

Gather together corresponding elements from multiple lists

Given several lists, gather together the first element from every list, the second element from every list, and so on for all corresponding index values in the lists. E.g. for these three lists, first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], years = [1955, 1946, 1940] the result should produce 3 actors. The middle actor should be Tommy Lee Jones.

python

first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce']
last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee']
years = [1955, 1946, 1940]

actors = zip(first, last, years)

assert len(actors) == 3
assert actors[1] == ('Tommy Lee', 'Jones', 1946)

clojure

(defn gatherer [listOfLists]
(if (empty? (first listOfLists))
() ; the base case for recursion
(cons
(map first listOfLists) ; get the first element of each of the lists
(gatherer (map rest listOfLists)) ; gather all the subsequent ones
)
)
)

(def firstnames '("Bruce" "Tommy Lee" "Bruce"))
(def lastnames '("Willis" "Jones" "Lee"))
(def years '(1955 1946 1940))

(println (gatherer [firstnames lastnames years]))

; -> ((Bruce Willis 1955) (Tommy Lee Jones 1946) (Bruce Lee 1940))

(def firstnames ["Bruce" "Tommy Lee" "Bruce"])
(def lastnames ["Willis" "Jones" "Lee"])
(def years [1955 1946 1940])
(println (map (fn [f l y] [f l y]) firstnames lastnames years))

fsharp

let result = (List.zip3 first last years)

fantom

r := [,]
first.size.times |Int i| { r.add([first[i], last[i], years[i]]) }

echo(r)

groovy

first = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce']
last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee']
years = [1955, 1946, 1940]
actors = [first, last, years].transpose()
assert actors.size() == 3
assert actors[1] == ['Tommy Lee', 'Jones', 1946]

java

String[] first = new String[]{"Bruce", "Tommy Lee", "Bruce"};
String[] last = new String[]{"Willis", "Jones", "Lee"};
String[] years = new String[]{"1955", "1946", "1940"};

List<String[]> list = new ArrayList<String[]>(); list.add(first); list.add(last); list.add(years);

String[] result = zip(",", list);

erlang

First = ['Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce'], Last = ['Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee'], Years = [1955, 1946, 1940],

Result = lists:zip3(First, Last, Years),

perl

my @first = ('Bruce', 'Tommy Lee', 'Bruce');
my @last = ('Willis', 'Jones', 'Lee');
my @years = (1955, 1946, 1940);

my @actors;

my $max = scalar @first;
for my $index (0 .. $max) {
push @actors, [ $first[$index], $last[$index], $years[$index] ];
};

List Combinations

Given two source lists (or sets), generate a list (or set) of all the pairs derived by combining elements from the individual lists (sets). E.g. given suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S'] and faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A'], generate the deck of 52 cards, confirm the deck size and check it contains an expected card, say 'Ace of Hearts'.

python

suites = ('H', 'D', 'C', 'S')
faces = ('2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A')
deck = [(face,suite) for suite in suites for face in faces]
assert len(deck) == 52
assert ('A', 'H') in deck

clojure

(def suites ["H" "D" "C" "S"])
(def faces [2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "J" "Q" "K" "A"])
(defn listCards [] (for [s suites f faces] [f s]))
(some (partial = ["A" "H"]) (listCards))
; -> true
(count (listCards))
; -> 52

fsharp

let cards = (List.fold_left (fun acc suite -> acc @ (List.map (fun face -> (suite, face)) faces)) [] suites)

printfn "Deck has %d cards" (List.length cards)
printfn "%s" (if (List.exists (fun e -> e = ("h", "A")) cards) then "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; else "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck")

let product (set1 : List<'a>) (set2 : List<'a>) : List<'a * 'a> =
let p = new ResizeArray<'a * 'a>()
for e1 in set1 do for e2 in set2 do p.Add(e1, e2) done done
Array.to_list (p.ToArray())

// ------

let cards = product suites faces

printfn "Deck has %d cards" (List.length cards)
printfn "%s" (if (List.exists (fun e -> e = ("h", "A")) cards) then "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; else "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck")

fantom

r := [,]
["2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","J","Q","K","A"].each |Str c|
{ ["H","D","C","S"].each |Str s| { r.add([c,s]) } }

q := ["A","H"]
result := r.contains(q)
echo("Deck size=${r.size}, contains $q? -> $result")

groovy

faces = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']
suites = ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S']
deck = [faces, suites].combinations()
assert deck.size() == 52
assert ['A', 'H'] in deck

java

SortedSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String> > cards =
new TreeSet<AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String> >(new CardComparator());

for (String suite : suites)
for (String face : faces)
cards.add(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String>(suite, face));

Boolean containsEntry = cards.contains(new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, String>("h", "A"));

if (containsEntry) System.out.println("Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'");
else System.out.println("'Ace of Hearts' not in deck");

erlang

Cards = lists:foldl(fun (Suite, Acc) -> Acc ++ lists:flatmap(fun (Face) -> [{Suite, Face}] end, Faces) end, [], Suites),

io:format("Deck has ~B cards~n", [length(Cards)]),
IsMember = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Cards),
io:format("~s~n", [if IsMember -> "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; true -> "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck" end]),

Cards = sofs:to_external(sofs:product(sofs:set(Suites), sofs:set(Faces))),

io:format("Deck has ~B cards~n", [length(Cards)]),
IsMember = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Cards),
io:format("~s~n", [if IsMember -> "Deck contains 'Ace of Hearts'" ; true -> "'Ace of Hearts' not in deck" end]),

Deck2 = [{S, V} || S <- [d, c, h, s], V <- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']],
52 = length(Deck2),
true = lists:member({h, 'A'}, Deck2).

perl

@suites = qw(H D C S);
@faces = qw(2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K A);
@deck = map { $suite=$_; map $suite.$_, @faces; } @suites;
print 'checking deck size: ' . (@deck == 52 ? 'pass' : 'fail') . "\n";
print 'deck contains "Ace of Hearts": ' . (grep(/^HA$/, @deck) ? 'true' : 'false') . "\n";

Perform an operation on every item of a list

Perform an operation on every item of a list, e.g.
for the list ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"] calculate
the list of sizes of the strings, e.g. [2, 3, 4, 5]

python

print map(lambda x: len(x), ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"])

print [len(x) for x in ['ox', 'cat', 'deer', 'whale']]

clojure

(map count ["ox" "cat" "deer" "whale"])

fsharp

let lengths = List.map String.length ["ox"; "cat"; "deer"; "whale"]

fantom

["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"].map { it.size }

groovy

animals = ["ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"]
assert animals*.size() == [2, 3, 4, 5]

java

public class SolutionXX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] list = {"ox", "cat", "deer", "whale"};
for (String str : list) {
System.out.println(str.length() + " ");
}
}
}

erlang

lists:map(fun (X) ->length(X) end, List).

perl

my @list = qw{ox cat deer whale};

my @lengths = map {length($_)} @list;

print "@list\n";
print "@lengths\n";

Split a list of things into numbers and non-numbers

Given a list that might contain e.g. a string, an integer, a float and a date,
split the list into numbers and non-numbers.

python

import re
data = '34234aff340980adf0e0fa0fefl' ## or ''.join(array)

nonDigits = re.findall(re.compile('\D'), data)
digits = re.findall(re.compile('\d'), data)

clojure

(def jumble [3 "Bill" 5.7 '("A" "B" "C")]) ; int, string, float, list

(defn numberNonNumberSorter [jumbledList]
(if (empty? jumbledList)
(hash-map :numbers [], :nonnumbers []) ; recursion base case - return two empty lists
(let [head (first jumbledList)] ; let <head> be the first element in the list
(let [tailresult (numberNonNumberSorter (rest jumbledList))] ; tailresult applies recursively to the remainder
(if (number? head) ; is head a number?
(hash-map
:numbers (cons head (tailresult :numbers)) ; add <head> to the numbers
:nonnumbers (tailresult :nonnumbers)) ; leave nonnumbers the same
(hash-map
:numbers (tailresult :numbers) ; leave numbers the same
:nonnumbers (cons head (tailresult :nonnumbers))) ; add <head> to nonnumbers
)
)
)
)
)

(println (numberNonNumberSorter jumble))

; -> {:nonnumbers (Bill (A B C)), :numbers (3 5.7)}

(group-by number? ["hello" 42 3.14 (Date.)])

fsharp

fantom

things := ["hello", 25, 3.14, Time.now]
numbers := things.findType(Num#)
nonNumbers := things.exclude { numbers.contains(it) }

groovy

now = new Date()
things = ["hello", 25, 3.14, now]
(numbers, others) = things.split{ it instanceof Number }
assert numbers == [25, 3.14]
assert others == ["hello", now]

java

public class NumbersSolution {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Object> items = Arrays.asList(new Object[] { new Date(), 12L, 15.4, 99, "x" } ) ;
List<Object> numbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
List<Object> nonNumbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
for (Object item : items )
(item instanceof Number ? numbers : nonNumbers).add(item) ;
}
}

public class NumbersSolution {
public static void main() {
List<Object> numbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
List<Object> nonNumbers = new ArrayList<Object>() ;
for (Object item : new Object[] { new Date(), 12L, 15.4, 99, "x" } )
(item instanceof Number ? numbers : nonNumbers).add(item) ;
}
}

erlang

% Wrapped call to the auxiliary function
number_split(Xs) ->
number_split(Xs, [], []).

% The auxiliary function
number_split([], Num, NonNum) ->
{Num, NonNum};
number_split([X|Xs], Num, NonNum) ->
case is_number(X) of
true ->
number_split(Xs, [X|Num], NonNum);
false ->
number_split(Xs, Num, [X|NonNum])
end.

List = ["hello", 25, 3.14, calendar:local_time()],
{Numbers, NonNumbers} = lists:partition(fun(E) -> is_number(E) end, List)

perl

use Scalar::Util qw(looks_like_number);
my @things = ('hello',25,3.14,scalar(localtime(time)));
my @numbers;
my @others;
for ( @things ) {
if ( looks_like_number $_ ) {
push @numbers, $_;
} else {
push @other, $_;
}
}

Testing

Test if a condition holds for all items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for all items of the list.

python

all(x > 1 for x in [2,3,4])

clojure

(every? #(> % 1) [2 3 4])

fsharp

let rec IsAll predicate source =
let mutable acc = true
for e in source do
acc <- acc && (predicate e)
acc

fantom

echo([2,3,4].all{ it>1 })

groovy

[2,3,4].every{it > 1}

erlang

Result = lists:all(Pred, List).

Test if a condition holds for any items of a list

Given a list, test if a certain logical condition (i.e. predicate) holds for any items of the list.

python

any(x > 3 for x in [2, 3, 4])

clojure

; The standard library in Clojure has "not-any?" but (oddly enough) no "any?"
(defn any? [pred coll]
((complement not-any?) pred coll))

(any? #(> % 3) [2 3 4])

(some #(> % 3) [2 3 4])

fsharp

let rec IsAny predicate source =
match source with
| [] -> false
| h::t ->
if (predicate h) then true
else (IsAny predicate t )

fantom

echo([2,3,4].any{ it==4 })

groovy

[2,3,4].any{it > 3}

erlang

Result = lists:any(Pred, List).

Maps

Declaration

Define an empty map

python

map = {}

clojure

(def m {})

fsharp

let map = Map.empty

let map = new Generic.Dictionary<string, string>()

let map = new Hashtable()

fantom

map := [:]

groovy

def map = [:]

Map map = new HashMap();

java

Map map = new HashMap();

erlang

Map = dict:new(),

Map = orddict:new(),

Map = gb_trees:empty(),

Map = ets:new(the_map_name, [set, private, {keypos, 1}]),

perl

# %map = {}
# This was wrong, that would have created a hash with one key
# of the stringified hash reference (HASH(0xNUMBERSHERE)) and a
# value of 'undef', as well as triggering a
# "Reference found where even-sized list expected" with the warnings
# pragma enabled

my %map;

Define an unmodifiable empty map

python

import collections
EmptyDict = collections.namedtuple("EmptyDict", "")
e = EmptyDict()

clojure

; Clojure maps are immutable
(def m {})

fsharp

// Most native fsharp data structures are immutable - updating a 'map' sees a modified copy created
let map = Map.empty

fantom

map := [:].ro

groovy

empty = Collections.EMPTY_MAP

map = [:].asImmutable()

def empty = MapUtils.EMPTY_SORTED_MAP

def empty = ImmutableMap.of()

java

Map empty = Collections.EMPTY_MAP;

SortedMap empty = MapUtils.EMPTY_SORTED_MAP;

erlang

% Erlang data structures are immutable - updating a 'map' sees a modified copy created
Map = dict:new(),

perl

# perl does not provide unmodifiable maps/hashes, but you could use "constant
# functions", if you really need them
# 2011-07-06 Not actually true, see Hash::Util::lock_hash;

sub MAP () { {} }

use Hash::Util qw/lock_hash/;
# two lines
my %hash;
lock_hash(%hash);
# or in one line
lock_hash(my %locked_hash);

Define an initial map

Define the map {circle:1, triangle:3, square:4}

python

shapes = {'circle': 1, 'square': 4, 'triangle': 2}

clojure

(def m '{circle 1 triangle 1 square 4})

fsharp

let shapes = Map.ofList [("circle", 1); ("triangle", 3); ("square", 4)]

let shapes = Map.empty.Add("circle", 1).Add("triangle", 3).Add("square", 4)

let shapes = new Generic.Dictionary<string, int>()
shapes.Add("circle", 1)
shapes.Add("triangle", 3)
shapes.Add("square", 4)

let shapes = Map [("circle", 1); ("triangle", 3); ("square", 4)]

fantom

map := ["circle":1, "triangle":2, "square":4]

groovy

shapes = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]

// if you require a specific type of map ...
LinkedHashMap shapes1 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
Properties shapes2 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
TreeMap shapes3 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4]
shapes4 = [circle:1, triangle:3, square:4] as ConcurrentHashMap // as variation

java

Map shapes = new HashMap();
shapes.put("circle", 1);
shapes.put("triangle", 3);
shapes.put("square", 4);

Map shapes = new HashMap() {{ put("circle",1); put("triangle",3); put("square",4); }}

erlang

Map = dict:from_list([{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}]),

Map0 = dict:new(),

% Erlang variables are 'single-assignment' i.e. they cannot be reassigned
Map1 = dict:store(circle, 1, Map0),
Map2 = dict:store(triangle, 3, Map1),
Map3 = dict:store(square, 4, Map2),

Map0 = gb_trees:empty(),

Map1 = gb_trees:enter(circle, 1, Map0),
Map2 = gb_trees:enter(triangle, 3, Map1),
Map3 = gb_trees:enter(square, 4, Map2),

Map = gb_trees:from_orddict(lists:keysort(1, [{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}])),

Map = ets:new(the_map_name, [ordered_set, private, {keypos, 1}]),
ets:insert(Map, [{circle, 1}, {triangle, 3}, {square, 4}]),

perl

%map = (circle => 1, triangle => 3, square => 4);

Access

Check if a key exists in a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print "ok" if an pet exists for "mary"

python

pets = dict(joe='cat', mary='turtle', bill='canary')
if ("mary" in pets) print "ok"

clojure

(if (contains? '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary} 'mary)
(println "ok"))

fsharp

if (Map.mem "mary" pets) then printfn "ok"

if pets.ContainsKey("mary") then printfn "ok"

fantom

map := ["joe":"cat", "mary":"turtle", "bill":"canary"]
if (map.containsKey("mary")) echo("ok")

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
if(pets.containsKey('mary')) println 'ok'

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
if(pets.mary) println 'ok'

java

if (pets.containsKey("mary")) System.out.println("ok");

erlang

dict:is_key(mary, Pets) andalso begin io:format("ok~n"), true end.

IsMember = ets:member(Pets, mary), if (IsMember) -> io:format("ok~n") ; true -> false end.

case gb_trees:lookup(mary, Pets) of none -> false ; _ -> io:format("ok~n") end.

perl

%pets = (joe => 'cat', mary => 'turtle', bill => 'canary');
print 'ok' if ($pets{'mary'});

%pets = (joe => 'cat', mary => 'turtle', bill => 'canary');
print 'ok' if $pets{'mary'};

print 'ok' if $pets{mary};

print 'ok' if exists $pets{mary}

Retrieve a value from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} print the pet for "joe" ("cat")

python

print pets['joe']

clojure

(def pets '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary})

(println (get pets 'joe))

fsharp

if (Map.mem "joe" pets) then printfn "%s" (Map.find "joe" pets)

if (pets |> Map.exists (fun key _ -> key = "joe")) then printfn "%s" (Map.find "joe" pets)

let key = "joe"
match (pets |> Map.tryfind key) with
| Some(value) -> printfn "%s" value
| None -> printfn "Key %s not found" key

if pets.ContainsKey("joe") then printfn "%s" pets.["joe"]

if pets.ContainsKey("joe") then printfn "%s" (pets.["joe"] :?> string)

fantom

map := ["joe":"cat", "mary":"turtle", "bill":"canary"]
pet := map["joe"]
echo("pet=$pet")

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
assert pets['joe'] == 'cat'

assert pets.joe == 'cat'

java

String pet = pets.get("joe");

erlang

dict:is_key(joe, Pets) andalso begin io:format("~w~n", [dict:fetch(joe, Pets)]), true end.

case dict:find(joe, Pets) of error -> false ; {ok, Pet} -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

IsMember = ets:member(Pets, joe), if (IsMember) -> io:format("~w~n", [ets:lookup_element(Pets, joe, 2)]) ; true -> false end.

case ets:match(Pets, {joe, '$1'}) of [] -> false ; [[Pet]] -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

case gb_trees:lookup(joe, Pets) of none -> false ; {value, Pet} -> io:format("~w~n", [Pet]) end.

perl

%pets = (joe => 'cat', mary => 'turtle', bill=>'canary');
print $pets{joe};

Add an entry to a map

Given an empty pets map, add the mapping from "rob" to "dog"

python

pets['rob'] = 'dog'

clojure

(assoc {} 'rob 'dog)

fsharp

pets <- (Map.add "rob" "dog" pets)

pets.Add("rob", "dog")

fantom

map["rob"] = "dog"

groovy

pets['rob'] = 'dog'

pets.rob = 'dog'

pets.put('rob', 'dog')

java

pets.put("rob", "dog");

erlang

Pets1 = dict:store(rob, dog, Pets0).

ets:insert(Pets, {rob, dog}).

Pets1 = gb_trees:enter(rob, dog, Pets0).

perl

$pets{rob} = 'dog';

Remove an entry from a map

Given a map pets {joe:cat,mary:turtle,bill:canary} remove the mapping for "bill" and print "canary"

python

print pets.pop('bill')

clojure

; Maps are immutable
; The following expression will return a new map without the 'bill key
(let [pets '{joe cat mary turtle bill canary}]
(println (get pets 'bill))
(dissoc pets 'bill))

fsharp

let key = "bill"
match (pets |> Map.tryFind key) with
| Some(value) -> pets <- (Map.remove key pets) ; printfn "%s : %s removed" key value
| None -> printfn "Key %s not found" key

let key = "bill"
let entry = if (pets.ContainsKey(key)) then Some(pets.[key]) ; else None
pets.Remove(key)

match entry with
| Some(value) -> printfn "%s" value
| None -> printfn "key not found"

fantom

pet := map.remove("bill")
echo ("pet=$pet")

groovy

pets = [joe:'cat', mary:'turtle', bill:'canary']
println pets.remove('bill')

java

System.out.println(pets.remove("bill"))

erlang

Pet = dict:fetch(bill, Pets0), Pets1 = dict:erase(bill, Pets0), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

Pet = ets:lookup_element(Pets, bill, 2), ets:delete(Pets, bill), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

{value, Pet} = gb_trees:lookup(bill, Pets0), Pets1 = gb_trees:delete(bill, Pets0), io:format("~w~n", [Pet]),

perl

print delete $pets{bill};

Algorithms

Create a histogram map from a list

Given the list [a,b,a,c,b,b], produce a map {a:2, b:3, c:1} which contains the count of each unique item in the list

python

from collections import defaultdict
h = defaultdict(int)
for k in "abacbb":
h[k] += 1

h = {}
for k in "abacbb":
h[k] = h.setdefault(k, 0) + 1

from collections import Counter
h = Counter("abacbb")
print(h)

clojure

(let [l '[a b a c b b]]
(loop [m {}
d (distinct l)]
(let [item (first d)]
(if (zero? (count d))
m
(recur
(assoc m
item
(count
(filter #(= item %) l)))
(rest d))))))

(->> [:a :b :a :c :b :b]
(group-by identity)
(reduce (fn [m e] (assoc m (first e) (count (second e)))) {}))

(reduce conj {} (for [[x xs] (group-by identity "abacbb")] [x (count xs)]))

(frequencies ["a","b","a","c","b","b"])

(frequencies '[a b a c b b])

fsharp

let histogram = (List.foldLeft (fun (acc : Map<char, int>) (e : char) -> if (Map.mem e acc) then (Map.add e ((Map.find e acc) + 1) acc) ; else (Map.add e 1 acc)) (Map.empty) list)

let histogram list =
let rec histogram' list' dict' =
match list' with
| [] -> dict'
| x :: xs ->
match Map.tryFind x dict' with
| Some(Value) -> histogram' xs (Map.add x (Value + 1) dict')
| None -> histogram' xs (Map.add x 1 dict')
histogram' list Map.empty

// ------

let histogram' = histogram list

let histogram = (List.foldLeft (fun (acc : Generic.Dictionary<char, int>) (e : char) -> (if acc.ContainsKey(e) then acc.[e] <- acc.[e] + 1 ; else acc.Add(e, 1)) ; acc) (new Generic.Dictionary<char, int>()) list)

let histogram =
list
|> Seq.groupBy (fun a -> a)
|> Seq.map(fun (key, elements) -> key, Seq.length elements)
|> Map.ofSeq

fantom

list := ["a","b","a","c","b","b"]
map := [Str:Int][:]
list.each |Str s, Int i| { if(!map.containsKey(s)) map.add(s,1); else map[s] = ++map[s] }
echo (map)

groovy

histogram = [:]
list.each { item ->
if (!histogram.containsKey(item)) histogram[item] = 0
histogram[item]++
}

histogram = [:]
list.each { histogram[it] = (histogram[it] ?: 0) + 1 }

java

Map map = new HashMap();
for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
String s = (String) it.next();
if (!map.containsKey(s)) {
map.put(s, new Integer(1));
} else {
map.put(s, new Integer(((Integer)map.get(s)).intValue() + 1));
}
}

LinkedMap histogram = new LinkedMap();

for (Object letter : list)
histogram.put(letter, !histogram.containsKey(letter) ? 1 : MapUtils.getIntValue(histogram, letter) + 1);

erlang

% Imperative Solution
Histogram = histogram(List),

% Functional (1) Solution
Histogram = histogram(List),

lists:foldl(fun(Elem, OldDict) ->
dict:update_counter(Elem, 1, OldDict)
end,
dict:new(),
[a,b,a,c,b,b])).

perl

foreach(@list) {
$histogram{$_}++;
}

$histogram{$_}++ for @list;

Categorise a list

Given the list [one, two, three, four, five] produce a map {3:[one, two], 4:[four, five], 5:[three]} which sorts elements into map entries based on their length

python

c = defaultdict(list)
for k in ["one", "two", "four", "three", "five"]:
c[len(k)].append(k)

from itertools import groupby
lst = ["one", "two", "four", "three", "five"]
c = dict((k, list(g)) for k,g in
groupby(sorted(lst, key=lambda x: len(x)), key=lambda x: len(x)))
print(c)

clojure

(loop [m {}
l ["one" "two" "three" "four" "five"]]
(if (zero? (count l))
m
(let [item (first l)
key (count item)]
(recur
(assoc m key (cons item (get m key [])))
(rest l)))))

(group-by count ["one" "two" "three" "four" "five"])

fsharp

let catmap = (List.foldLeft (fun (acc : Map<int, List<string> >) (e : string) -> if (Map.mem e.Length acc) then (Map.add e.Length ((Map.find e.Length acc) @ [e]) acc) ; else (Map.add e.Length [e] acc)) (Map.empty) list)

let lengthMap =
["one"; "two"; "three"; "four"; "five"]
|> Seq.groupBy (fun s -> s.Length)
|> Seq.map (fun (length, entries) -> (length, entries |> List.ofSeq))
|> Map.ofSeq

fantom

list := ["one", "two", "three", "four", "five"]
map := [Int:List][:]
list.each { List l := map[it.size] ?: [,]; map[it.size] = l.add(it) }
echo(map)

groovy

map = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'].groupBy{ it.size() }

java

SortedMap<Integer, List<String> > map = new TreeMap<Integer, List<String> >(); int key; List<String> vlist;

for (String item : list)
{
key = item.length(); vlist = map.containsKey(key) ? map.get(key) : new ArrayList<String>();
vlist.add(item); map.put(key, vlist);
}

MultiValueMap map = new MultiValueMap();
for (Object item : list) map.put(((String) item).length(), item);

erlang

% Imperative Solution
CatList = categorise(List),

% Functional (1) Solution
CatList = categorise(List),

perl

@list = qw(one two three four five);
push @{$map{length($_)}}, $_ for (@list);

Structure

Conditionals

Perform an action if a condition is true (IF .. THEN)

Given a variable name, if the value is "Bob", display the string "Hello, Bob!". Perform no action if the name is not equal.

python

if name == 'Bob':
print 'Hello, Bob!'

clojure

(def person "Bob")
(if (= person "Bob")
(println "Hello, Bob!"))

fsharp

if name = "Bob" then printfn "Hello, %s!" name

name = "Bob" && begin printfn "Hello, %s!" name ; true end

fantom

if (name=="Bob") echo("Hello, Bob!")

groovy

if (name=='Bob')
println "Hello, Bob!"

java

if (name.equals("Bob")) {
System.out.println("Hello, Bob!");
}

erlang

if (Name == "Bob") -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; true -> false end.

case Name of "Bob" -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; _ -> false end.

Name == "Bob" andalso (begin io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]), true end).

perl

if ($name eq "Bob") {
print "Hello, Bob!"
}

print "Hello, Bob!" if $name eq "Bob";

Perform different actions depending on a boolean condition (IF .. THEN .. ELSE)

Given a variable age, if the value is greater than 42 display "You are old", otherwise display "You are young"

python

if age > 42:
print 'You are old'
else:
print 'You are young'

print age > 42 and 'You are old' or 'You are young'

clojure

(def age 41)
(if (> age 42) "You are old" "You are young")

fsharp

if age > 42 then printfn "You are old" else printfn "You are young"

let message = if age > 42 then "old" else "young"
printfn "You are %s" message

fantom

if (age > 42)
echo("You are old")
else
echo("You are young")

echo((age > 42) ? "You are old" : "You are young")

groovy

if (age > 42)
println "You are old"
else
println "You are young"

println "You are " + (age > 42 ? "old" : "young")

java

if (age > 42) {
System.out.println("You are old");
} else {
System.out.println("You are young");
}

System.out.println("You are " + ((age>42)?"old":"young"));

erlang

if Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; true -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

Message = if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).

case Age > 42 of true -> io:format("You are old~n") ; false -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; _ -> io:format("You are young~n") end.

Message = case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> "old" ; _ -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).

Age > 42 andalso (begin io:format("You are old~n"), true end) orelse (begin io:format("You are young~n"), true end).

(fun (X) when X > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); (_) -> io:format("You are young~n") end)(Age).

(fun () when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); () -> io:format("You are young~n") end)().

io:format("You are ~s~n", [if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end]).

perl

if ($age > 42) {
print "You are old"
}
else {
print "You are young"
}

print 'You are ',($age > 42) ? 'old' : 'young';

Perform different actions depending on several boolean conditions (IF .. THEN .. ELSIF .. ELSE)

python

if age > 84:
print 'You are really ancient'
elif age > 30:
print 'You are middle-aged'
else:
print 'You are young'

clojure

(println
(condp <= age
84 "You are really ancient"
30 "You are middle aged"
"You are young"))

fsharp

if age > 84 then printfn "You are really ancient"
elif age > 30 then printfn "You are middle-aged"
else printfn "You are young"

let message = match age with
| _ when age > 84 -> "really ancient"
| _ when age > 30 -> "middle-aged"
| _ -> "young"
printfn "You are %s" message

fantom

if (age > 84)
echo("You are really ancient")
else if (age > 30)
echo("You are middle-aged")
else
echo("You are young")

groovy

if (age > 84)
println "You are really ancient"
else if (age > 30)
println "You are middle-aged"
else
println "You are young"

java

if (age > 84) System.out.println("You are really ancient");
else if (age > 30) System.out.println("You are middle-aged");
else System.out.println("You are young");

erlang

if
Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.

case Age of
_ when Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
_ when Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.

perl

if ($age > 84) {
print "You are really ancient";
} elsif ($age > 30) {
print "You are middle-aged";
} else {
print "You are young";
}

print 'You are ',
$age > 84 ? 'really ancient!'
: $age > 30 ? 'middle-aged'
: 'young';

Replacing a conditional with many branches with a switch/case statement

Many languages support more compact forms of branching than just if ... then ... else such as switch or case or match. Use such a form to add an appropriate placing suffix to the numbers 1..40, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, ..., 11th, 12th, ... 39th, 40th

python

def affix(num):
num = num == 1 and str(num) + 'st' or num == 2 and str(num) + 'nd' or \
num == 3 and str(num) +'rd' or str(num) + 'th'
return num

print [affix(x) for x in xrange(1,41)]

clojure

(def n 112)

(println (str n
(let [rem (mod n 100)]
(if (and (>= rem 11) (<= rem 13))
"th"
(condp = (mod n 10)
1 "st"
2 "nd"
3 "rd"
"th")))))

fsharp

let suffix = function
| n when n > 10 && n < 20 -> "th"
| n when n % 10 = 1 -> "st"
| n when n % 10 = 2 -> "nd"
| n when n % 10 = 3 -> "rd"
| _ -> "th"

seq { 1 .. 40 }
|> Seq.iter (fun n -> printfn "%i%s" n (suffix n))

fantom

suffix := |Int n -> Str|
{
if ((4..20).contains(n % 100))
return "th"

switch((n.toStr)[-1])
{
case '1': return "st"
case '2': return "nd"
case '3': return "rd"
default: return "th"
}
}

(1..40).each { echo("$it${suffix(it)}") }

groovy

def suffix(n) {
switch(n) {
case { n % 100 in 4..20 } : return 'th'
case { n % 10 == 1 } : return 'st'
case { n % 10 == 2 } : return 'nd'
case { n % 10 == 3 } : return 'rd'
default : return 'th'
}
}
(1..40).each { n ->
println "$n${suffix(n)}"
}

java

String[] array = new String[40];
for(int n = 1; n <= array.length; n++)
array[n-1] = Integer.toString(n);
for(int n = 0; n < array.length; n++)
{
int y = Integer.parseInt(array[n]);
if(array[n].length() > 1)
y = Integer.parseInt(array[n].substring(1));
switch(y)
{
case 1: {array[n] += "st"; break;}
case 2: {array[n] += "nd"; break;}
case 3: {array[n] += "rd"; break;}
default: array[n] += "th";
}
}

erlang

Suffix = case Num of
N when N > 10, N < 20 -> "th";
N when N rem 10 =:= 1 -> "st";
N when N rem 10 =:= 2 -> "nd";
N when N rem 10 =:= 3 -> "rd";
_ -> "th"
end,
io_lib:format("~w~s", [Num, Suffix])

perl

sub suffix {
my $n = shift;

return 'th' if $n % 100 >= 4 && $n % 100 <= 20;
return 'st' if $n % 10 == 1;
return 'nd' if $n % 10 == 2;
return 'rd' if $n % 10 == 3;
return 'th';

}

foreach my $n (1..40) {
print $n.suffix($n)."\n";
}

Loops

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked before the first action (WHILE .. DO)

Starting with a variable x=1, Print the sequence "1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128," by doubling x and checking that x is less than 150.

python

x = 1
while x < 150:
print '%s, ' % x,
x *= 2

clojure

(take-while #(< % 150) (iterate #(* 2 %) 1))

fsharp

let mutable x = 1
while x < 150 do printf "%d, " x ; (x <- x * 2) done

// The problem is clearly geared towards imperative languages ;-)
// No need to mutate any variable, here's how to do it loop-free functional:
let rec powers2 i = seq { if i < 150 then yield i; yield! powers2 (i*2) }
powers2 1 |> Seq.iter (fun i -> printf "%i, " i)

fantom

x := 1
while (x < 150) {
Env.cur.out.print("$x,")
x *= 2
}
echo

groovy

x = 1
while (x < 150) {
print x + ","
x *= 2
}
println()

java

int x = 1;
while (x < 150) {
System.out.println(x+",");
x*=2;
}

erlang

X = 1, print_while_X_less_150(X).

Pred = fun (X) -> X < 150 end,
Action = fun (X) -> io:format("~B,", [X]), X * 2 end,
X = 1,

while_do(Pred, Action, X).

perl

my $x = 1;
while($x < 150) {
print $x, ",";
$x *=2
}

Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked after the first action (DO .. WHILE)

Simulate rolling a die until you get a six. Produce random numbers, printing them until a six is rolled. An example output might be "4,2,1,2,6"

python

import random, itertools

def dice():
while True:
yield random.randint(1,6)

print ", ".join(str(d) for d in itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x < 6, dice()))

clojure

(loop [r (rand-int 6)]
(if (= r 5)
nil
(do
(println r)
(recur (rand-int 6)))))

fsharp

open System
let rand = Random()

Seq.initInfinite (fun _ -> rand.Next(1, 7))
|> Seq.takeWhile (fun x -> x < 6)
|> fun items -> String.Join(",", items)
|> function s when s = "" -> printfn "6" | s -> printfn "%s,6" s

fantom

rnd := 0
while(rnd != 6) {
rnd = Int.random(1..6)
Env.cur.out.print(rnd)
if (rnd != 6)
Env.cur.out.print(",")
}
echo

groovy

// Groovy has no do..while; use a normal while
int dice = 0
while (dice != 6) {
dice = Math.random() * 6 + 1
print dice
if (dice != 6) print ','
}

java

int rnd;
do {
rnd = (int)(Math.random()*6)+1;
System.out.print(rnd);
if (rnd!=6) {
System.out.print(",");
}
} while(rnd!=6);

erlang

Pred = fun (DiceRoll) -> DiceRoll =/= 6 end,
Action = fun (DiceRoll) -> io:format("~B,", [DiceRoll]), dice_roll() end,

do_while(Pred, Action, dice_roll()).

-module(dice).
-export([start/0]).

start() ->
roll(dice_roll()).

roll(6) ->
io:format("6~n", []);
roll(N) ->
io:format("~B,", [N]),
roll(dice_roll()).

dice_roll() -> random:uniform(6).

perl

do {
my $number = int(rand(6)+1);
print $number;
print ',' if ($number != 6);
} while ($number != 6);

Perform an action a fixed number of times (FOR)

Display the string "Hello" five times like "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello"

python

print "Hello" * 5

for i in range(5):
print "Hello"

clojure

(dotimes [_ 5]
(print "Hello"))

fsharp

for i = 1 to 5 do printf "Hello" done

dotimes 5 (fun () -> printf "Hello")

// Repetition via ranging over a List type(index ignored)
for _ in list do printf "Hello" done

// Repetition via ranging over a Sequence type(index ignored)
for _ in sequence do printf "Hello" done

// Repetition via ranging over an Array type(index ignored)
for _ in array do printf "Hello" done

fantom

5.times { Env.cur.out.print("Hello") }

for (i := 0; i < 5; i++)
Env.cur.out.print("Hello")

(1..5).each { Env.cur.out.print("Hello") }

groovy

println "Hello" * 5

5.times { print "Hello" }; println()

java

for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
System.out.print("Hello");
}

erlang

dotimes(5, fun () -> io:format("Hello") end).

lists:foreach(fun (_) -> io:format("Hello") end, lists:seq(1, 5)).

perl

print "Hello" x 5

print "Hello" for (1..5)

Perform an action a fixed number of times with a counter

Display the string "10 .. 9 .. 8 .. 7 .. 6 .. 5 .. 4 .. 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. Liftoff!"

python

print " .. ".join(str(i) for i in range(10, 0, -1)), ".. liftoff!"

clojure

(dotimes [i 10]
(print (str (- 10 i) " .. ")))

(println "Liftoff!")

fsharp

for i = 10 downto 1 do printf "%d .. " i done
printfn "Liftoff!"

// Repetition via ranging over a Sequence type
for i in {10 .. -1 .. 1} do printf "%d .. " i done ; printfn "Liftoff!"

fantom

(10..1).each { Env.cur.out.print("$it .. ") }
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")

for (i := 10; i >= 1; i--)
Env.cur.out.print("$i .. ")
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")

groovy

10.downto(1) { print it + " .. " }
println "Liftoff!"

java

for(int i=10; i>=1; i--) {
System.out.print(i + " .. ");
}
System.out.print("Liftoff!");

erlang

fromto(10, 1, -1, fun (X) -> io:format("~B .. ", [X]) end), io:format("Liftoff!~n").

lists:foreach(fun (X) -> io:format("~B .. ", [X]) end, lists:seq(10, 1, -1)), io:format("Liftoff!~n").

perl

for (my $i = 10; $i > 0; $i--) {
print "$i .. ";
}
print "Liftoff!";

print "$_ .. " for reverse 1..10;
print "Liftoff!";

Files

Reading

Read the contents of a file into a string

python

contents = open('myFile.txt', 'rt').read()

clojure

(slurp "/tmp/foobar")

fsharp

let file = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Open)
let buffer = new String((new BinaryReader(file)).ReadChars(Convert.ToInt32(file.Length)))

let stream = new StreamReader("test.txt")
let buffer = stream.ReadToEnd()

let buffer = File.ReadAllText("test.txt")

fantom

contents := File(`file.text`).readAllStr

groovy

contents = file.text

java

String text = FileUtils.readFileToString(new File("Solution109.java"), "UTF-8");

RandomAccessFile raf = null; byte[] buffer; String text = null;

try
{
raf = new RandomAccessFile("Solution399.java", "r");
buffer = new byte[(int)raf.length()]; raf.read(buffer);
text = new String(buffer);
}

erlang

Text = readfile("Solution607.erl"),

Text = readfile("Solution608.erl"),

perl

@file = read()

open(my $fh, '<', $path) or die "can't open $path: $!";
$string = do { local $/; <$fh> };
close $fh;

Process a file one line at a time

Open the source file to your solution and print each line in the file, prefixed by the line number, like:
1> First line of file
2> Second line of file
3> Third line of file

python

for no, line in enumerate(open(__file__)):
print "{0}> {1}".format(no+1, line.rstrip())

clojure

(defn read-line-by-line [fn]
(reduce str (map (partial format "%d> %s\n")
(iterate inc 1)
(read-lines fn))))

fsharp

let stream = new StreamReader("test.txt")
let mutable i = 1
let mutable line = stream.ReadLine()
while (line <> null) do printfn "%d> %s" i line ; line <- stream.ReadLine() ; i <- i + 1 done
stream.Close()

let proc_a_line (filename : string) proc =
let stream = new StreamReader(filename)
let rec proc_a_line' count line =
match line with
| null -> stream.Close()
| _ -> proc count line ; proc_a_line' (count + 1) (stream.ReadLine())
proc_a_line' 1 (stream.ReadLine())

// ------

let _ = proc_a_line "test.txt" (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" i line)

let reader(filename : string) = seq {
use sr = new StreamReader(filename)
while not sr.EndOfStream do
let line = sr.ReadLine()
yield line
done
}

// ------

reader("test.txt") |> Seq.iteri (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" (i + 1) line)

File.ReadAllLines("test.txt") |> Array.iteri (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" (i + 1) line)

// Unlike ReadAllLines, ReadLines (new in .NET 4) only reads the file
// one line at a time, rather than reading the entire file into an array first.

open System.IO
File.ReadLines("test.txt") |> Seq.iteri (fun i line -> printfn "%d> %s" (i + 1) line)

fantom

File(`input.text`).readAllLines.each |Str s, Int i| { echo("${i+1}> $s") }

groovy

int count = 0
file.eachLine { line ->
println "${++count} > $line"
}

file.eachLine { line, count ->
println "${++count} > $line"
}

java

BufferedReader br = null;
try {
br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Solution104.java"));
String line = null;
int lineNumber = 1;
while ((line=br.readLine())!=null) {
System.out.println(lineNumber + "> " + line);
lineNumber++;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} finally {
if (br!=null) {
try {
br.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
// ok
}
}
}

LineNumberReader lnr = null; PrintWriter pw = null; String line;

try
{
lnr = new LineNumberReader(new FileReader("Solution400.java"));
pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
while ((line = lnr.readLine()) != null) pw.printf("%d> %s\n", lnr.getLineNumber(), line);
}

erlang

Reader = fun (IODevice) -> io:get_line(IODevice, "") end,
Worker = fun (Line, N) -> io:format("~B> ~s", [N, Line]), N + 1 end,

while_not_eof("Solution609.erl", Reader, Worker, 1).

Reader = fun (Filename) -> {ok, Contents} = file:read_file(Filename), Contents end,
Transformer = fun (Line, N) -> string:concat(string:concat(integer_to_list(N), "> "), Line) end,
Printer = fun (Line) -> io:format("~s~n", [Line]) end,

Lines = string:tokens(binary_to_list(Reader("Solution610.erl")), "\n"),
NewLines = lists:zipwith(Transformer, Lines, lists:seq(1, length(Lines))),
lists:foreach(Printer, NewLines).

perl

open(my $fh, '<', $path) or die "can't open $path: $!";
$c = 1;
print $c++ . "> $_" for (<$fh>);
close $fh;

open my $fh, '<', $path or die "Can't open $path: $!";
while (<$fh>) {
print "$.> $_";
}

Writing

Write a string to a file

python

open('test.txt', 'wt').write('Hello World!')

clojure

(with-out-writer "output.txt" (println "Hello file!"))

fsharp

let stream = new StreamWriter("test.txt", false)
stream.WriteLine("This line overwrites file contents!")

fantom

File(`out.txt`).out.writeChars("some text").flush

groovy

file.delete()
file << 'some text'

file.text = 'some text'

java

FileWriter fw = null;

try
{
fw = new FileWriter("test.txt");
fw.write("This line overwites file contents!");
}

PrintWriter pw = null;

try
{
pw = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test.txt")));
pw.print("This line overwites file contents!");
}

erlang

Line = "This line overwites file contents!\n",
{ok, IODevice} = file:open("test.txt", [write]), file:write(IODevice, Line), file:close(IODevice).

perl

open(my $fh, '>', $path) or die "can't open $path: $!";
print $fh "This line overwites file contents!";
close $fh;

Append to a file

python

open('test.txt', 'at').write('Hello World!\n')

clojure

(with-out-append-writer "output.txt" (println "This is appended to the file"))

fsharp

let stream = new StreamWriter("test.txt", true)
stream.WriteLine("This line appended to file!")

fantom

File(`out.txt`).out(true).writeChars("some text").flush

groovy

file << 'some text'

java

FileWriter fw = null;

try
{
fw = new FileWriter("test.txt", true);
fw.write("This line appended to file!");
}

PrintWriter pw = null;

try
{
pw = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test.txt", true)));
pw.print("This line appended to file!");
}

erlang

Line = "This line appended to file!\n",
{ok, IODevice} = file:open("test.txt", [append]), file:write(IODevice, Line), file:close(IODevice).

perl

open(my $fh, '>>', $path) or die "can't open $path: $!";
print $fh "This line is appended to the file!";
close $fh;

Directories

Process each file in a directory

python

import os
results = (process(f) for f in os.listdir(".") if os.path.isfile(f))

clojure

; (defn process-file [f] "process one file" body...)
(map process-file (.listFiles (File. ".")))

fsharp

let dirname = "c:\\"

let processFile filename = printfn "%s" filename
for filename in Directory.GetFiles(dirname) do processFile filename done

let dirname = "c:\\"

Directory.GetFiles(dirname) |> Array.iter (fun filename -> printfn "%s" filename)

fantom

File(`./`).list.each { process(it) }

groovy

dir.eachFile{ f -> process(f) }

java

for (File file : (new File("c:\\")).listFiles()) process(file);

erlang

% File basenames only - many tasks require absolute paths to work
lists:foreach(fun (FileOrDirPath) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath) end, file:list_dir(Directory)).

% Absolute paths provided - will accomodate most tasks
lists:foreach(fun (FileOrDirPath) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath) end, list_dir_path(Directory)).

perl

use File::Glob;

for (<*>) {
process_file($_) if (-f);
}

Process each file in a directory recursively

python

import os
results = (process(os.path.join(p, n)) for p,d,l in os.walk(".") for n in l)

clojure

; (defn process-file [f] "process one file" body...)
(map process-file (file-seq (File. ".")))

fsharp

let processDirectory dirname proc =
let rec processDirectory' dirname' =
Directory.GetFiles(dirname') |> Array.iter proc
Directory.GetDirectories(dirname') |> Array.iter processDirectory'
processDirectory' dirname

// ------

let dirname = "c:\\"

processDirectory dirname (fun filename -> printfn "%s" filename)

fantom

File(`./`).walk { process(it) }

groovy

dir.eachFileRecurse{ f -> process(f) }

java

processDirectory(new File("c:\\"));

erlang

filelib:fold_files(Directory, ".*", true, fun (FileOrDirPath, Acc) -> Worker(FileOrDirPath), Acc end, []).

process_dir(Directory, Worker).

perl

use File::Glob;

process_directory(".");

sub process_directory {
my $dir = shift;
for my $file (<$dir/*>) {
next unless (-r $file);
if (-f $file) {
process_file($file);
} elsif (-d $file) {
process_directory($file);
}
}
}

use File::Find ();

# Traverse desired filesystems
sub process_directory {
my $directory = shift;
File::Find::find({wanted => \&wanted}, $directory);
}

sub wanted {
process_file( $File::Find::name );
}

Dates

Parsing

Parse a date and time from a string

Given the string "2008-05-06 13:29", parse it as a date representing 6th March, 2008 1:29:00pm in the local time zone.

python

import time
time.strptime("2008-05-06 13:29", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")

clojure

(.. (SimpleDateFormat. "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm")
(parse "2008-05-06 13:29"))

fsharp

let dateTime = DateTimeOffset.Parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

// Use format specifiers to appropriately format string
// 1. Default culture
printfn "%s" (dateTime.ToString("d MMMM, yyyy h:mm:sstt"))

// 2. Nominated culture
Console.WriteLine("{0}", dateTime.ToString("d MMMM, yyyy h:mm:sstt"), Globalization.CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-us"))

let dateTime = DateTimeOffset.Parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

// Customize date/time string
let dsb = ((new StringBuilder(40)).Append(dateTime.ToString("%d")).Append("th ").Append(dateTime.ToString("MMMM, yyyy h:mm:ss")).Append(dateTime.ToString("tt").ToLower()))

printfn "%s" (dsb.ToString())

fantom

dt := DateTime.fromLocale("2008-05-06 13:29", "YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm")

groovy

def date = new SimpleDateFormat("yyy-MM-dd HH:mm").parse("2008-05-06 13:29")

def date = Date.parse("yyy-MM-dd HH:mm", "2008-05-06 13:29")

java

DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
Date date = df.parse("2008-05-06 13:29");

DateTimeFormatter fmt = DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
DateTime dt = fmt.parseDateTime("2008-05-06 13:29");

erlang

% AFAIK, no datetime-parsing library exists; 'parse_to_datetime' is a simplistic, problem-specific hack
LocalDateTime = erlang:universaltime_to_localtime(parse_to_datetime("2008-05-06 13:29:34")),

perl

#! /usr/bin/perl
# -*- Mode: CPerl -*-

use strict;
use POSIX;

# Given the string "2008-05-06 13:29", parse it as a date
# representing 6th March, 2008 1:29:00pm in the local time zone.

my $ds = "2008-05-06 13:29";

my $y;
my $m;
my $d;
my $hr;
my $mn;

print "Original: ",$ds,"\n";

if ( $ds =~ /(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})\s+(\d{2}):(\d{2})/ ){
$y = $1 - 1900;
$m = $2;
$d = $3;
$hr = $4;
$mn = $5;

printf "Nominal: %s\n",
strftime("%e %B, %Y %l:%M:%S%P",0, $mn , $hr, $d, $m,$y);

my $eth = "";
if ( $d == 1 ){
$eth = "st";
} elsif ( $d == 2 ){
$eth = "nd";
} elsif ( $d == 3 ){
$eth = "rd";
} else {
$eth = "th";
}

printf "As required: %d%s %s\n",$d,$eth,
strftime("%B, %Y %l:%M:%S%P",0, $mn , $hr, $d, $m,$y);
}

#eos

# Shurely you mean 6th MAY? If not, oh well
use Time::Piece;

my $dt_str = '2008-05-06 13:29';
my $tp = Time::Piece->strptime( $dt_str, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M');
print $tp,"\n";

Printing

Display information about a date

Display the day of month, day of year, month name and day name of the day 8 days from now.

python

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

eightDaysFromNow = datetime.now() + timedelta(days=8)

print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%d') # day of month
print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%j') # day of year
print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%B') # month name FULL
print eightDaysFromNow.strftime('%A') # day of week name FULL

clojure

(let [cal (Calendar/getInstance)]
(.add cal Calendar/DAY_OF_YEAR 8)
(println (.format (SimpleDateFormat. "d, D, MMMM, EEEE")
(.getTime cal))))

fsharp

Using F# interactive

> let Then = DateTime.Now.AddDays(8.0)
- let dayNumber = Then.DayOfYear.ToString()
- let solution = Then.ToString("dd " + dayNumber + " MMMM dddd");;

val Then : DateTime = 08/08/2010 08:58:05
val dayNumber : string = "220"
val solution : string = "08 220 August Sunday"

>

fantom

date := Date.today + 8day
echo(date.day)
echo(date.dayOfYear)
echo(date.month.localeFull)
echo(date.weekday.localeFull)

groovy

use (TimeCategory) {
eight_days_time = 1.week.from.now + 1.day
}
println eight_days_time[DAY_OF_MONTH]
println eight_days_time.format('d') // alternative to above
println eight_days_time[DAY_OF_YEAR]
println eight_days_time.format('MMMM')
println eight_days_time.format('EEEE')

java

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.add(DAY_OF_YEAR, 8);
System.out.println(cal.get(DAY_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println(cal.get(DAY_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("MMMM").format(cal.getTime()));
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("EEEE").format(cal.getTime()));

perl

#! /usr/bin/perl
# -*- Mode: CPerl -*-

use strict;
use Date::Calc qw(:all);

my $days_in_future = $ARGV[0];
$days_in_future = 8 unless $days_in_future;

my ($year,$month,$day, $hour,$min,$sec, $doy,$dow,$dst) = Localtime();

my ($fyear,$fmonth,$fday) = Add_Delta_Days($year,$month,$day,$days_in_future);

printf "Now: %d-%2.2d-%2.2d %2.2d:%2.2d:%2.2d\n",
$year,$month,$day,$hour,$min,$sec;

printf "Then: %d-%2.2d-%2.2d %2.2d:%2.2d:%2.2d\n",
$fyear,$fmonth,$fday,$hour,$min,$sec;

printf "Then: day of month: %d\n",$fday;
printf "Then: day of year: %d\n",Day_of_Year($fyear,$fmonth,$fday);
printf "Then: day of name: %s\n",
Day_of_Week_to_Text(Day_of_Week($fyear,$fmonth,$fday));
printf "Then: month name: %s\n",Month_to_Text($fmonth);

#eos

use Time::Piece;
use Time::Seconds;

my $t = localtime;
my $t_8 = $t + (ONE_DAY * 8);

printf "Now: %d, %d, %s, %s\n",
$t->day_of_month, $t->day_of_year, $t->fullmonth, $t->fullday;

printf "Then: %d, %d, %s, %s\n",
$t_8->day_of_month, $t_8->day_of_year, $t_8->fullmonth, $t_8->fullday;

Display a date in different locales

Display a language/locale friendly version of New Year's Day for 2009 for several languages/locales. E.g. for languages English, French, German, Italian, Dutch the output might be something like:

Thursday, January 1, 2009
jeudi 1 janvier 2009
giovedì 1 gennaio 2009
Donnerstag, 1. Januar 2009
donderdag 1 januari 2009

(Indicate in comments where possible if any language specific or operating system configuration needs to be in place.)

python

from datetime import datetime
from locale import setlocale, LC_TIME

now = datetime(2009, 1, 1)

locales = ('en_us', 'fr_fr', 'it_it', 'de_de', 'nl_nl')
for locale in locales:
setlocale(LC_TIME, locale)
print now.strftime('%A, %B %d %Y')

clojure

(let [time (.getTime (GregorianCalendar. 2009 Calendar/JANUARY 1))]
(doseq [locale ["en" "fr" "it" "de" "nl"]]
(println (.format (DateFormat/getDateInstance DateFormat/FULL
(Locale. locale))
time))))

fsharp

open System
open System.Globalization

let jan1 = DateTime(2009, 1, 1)

[ "en-US"; "fr-FR"; "de-DE"; "it-IT"; "nl-NL" ]
|> List.map CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture
|> List.map (fun c -> jan1.ToString("D", c))
|> List.iter (printfn "%s")

fantom

// May require modification of Fantom distribution t
// for undefined locales - basically just create a '<locale-name>.props' plain text file with values like this:
// sunAbbr=Sun
// ..
// sunFull=Sunday
["en", "fr", "ru"].map { Locale(it) }.each |Locale l| {
l.use { echo(Date(2009, Month.jan, 1).toLocale("WWWW, MMMM D, YYYY")) }
}

groovy

cal = Calendar.instance
cal.set(2009, JANUARY, 1)
[ENGLISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, new Locale('nl')].each { lang ->
println getDateInstance(FULL, lang).format(cal.time)
}

// relies on Java I18N capabilities which supports many locales, see:
// http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/core/basic/intl/
// available Locales may depend on your version of Java and/or
// operating system and/or installed fonts

java

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.set(2009, Calendar.JANUARY, 1);
Locale[] locales = { ENGLISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, new Locale("nl") };

for (Locale l : locales) {
System.out.println(getDateInstance(FULL, l).format(cal.getTime()));
}

perl

#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;

use locale;
use POSIX qw(strftime);
use Time::Local;

my $date=timegm(0,0,0, 1,0,101); #00:00:00 01/01/2001

my $str_time = strftime "%c", gmtime;

print "Date: $str_time\n";

Creation

Display the current date and time

Create a Date object representing the current date and time. Print it out.
If you can also do this without creating a Date object you can show that too.

python

from datetime import datetime
print datetime.utcnow()

clojure

(import 'java.util.Date)

(println (str (Date.)))

fsharp

printfn "%A" System.DateTime.Now

fantom

echo(DateTime.now)

groovy

println new Date()

java

import java.util.Date;

public class SolutionXX {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date now = new Date();
System.out.println(now.toString());
}
}

erlang

io:format("~p~n", [calendar:local_time()])

perl

use Class::Date;
my $date = Class::Date->now();
print $date->string()."\n";

print localtime()."\n";

use Time::Piece ();

# Date object
my $date = Time::Piece::localtime;
print "$date\n";
# no object
print scalar(localtime),"\n";

OOP

Basics

Define a class

Declare a class named Greeter that takes a string on creation and greets using this string if you call the "greet" method.

python

class Greeter(object):
""" Greet someone.
"""
def __init__(self, whom):
self._whom = whom
def greet(self):
print "Hello, %s!" % self._whom

Greeter("world").greet()

clojure

(defprotocol IGreeter
(greet [this]))

(deftype Greeter [whom]
IGreeter
(greet [this]
(println (str "Hello, " whom))))

(greet (Greeter. "world"))

(defn greeter [whom]
{:whom whom})

(defn greet [g]
(println (str "Hello, " (:whom g))))

(greet (greeter "world"))

fsharp

type Greeter(whom' : string) =
member this.greet() = printfn "Hello, %s!" whom'

(new Greeter("world")).greet()

type Greeter(whom' : string) =
let whom : string = whom'
member this.greet() = printfn "Hello, %s!" whom

(new Greeter("world")).greet()

type Greeter =
class
val whom : string
new(whom') = { whom = whom' }
member this.greet() = printfn "Hello, %s!" this.whom
end

(new Greeter("world")).greet()

fantom

class Greeter
{
private Str whom
new make(Str whom) { this.whom = whom }
Void greet() { echo("Hello, $whom") }
}

Greeter("world").greet

groovy

// version using named parameters
class Greeter {
def whom
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom" }
}
new Greeter(whom:'world').greet()

// version using traditional constructor
class Greeter {
private whom
Greeter(whom) { this.whom = whom }
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom" }
}
new Greeter('world').greet()

java

class Greeter
{
public Greeter(String whom) { this.whom = whom; }
public void greet() { System.out.printf("Hello, %s\n", whom); }
private String whom;
}

public class Solution381 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
(new Greeter("world")).greet();
}
}

erlang

Greeter = make_greeter("world!"),
Greeter(greet).

perl

{ package Greeter;
sub new {
my $self = {};
my $type = shift;
$self->{'whom'} = shift;
bless $self, $type;
}

sub greet {
my $self = shift;
print "Hello " . $self->{'whom'} . "!\n";
}
}

my $greeter = Greeter->new("world");
$greeter->greet();

{
package Greeter;

sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $whom = shift or die 'Need a name to greet';
bless \$whom, $class;
}

sub greet {
my $self = shift;
print "Hello $$self!\n";
}
}

my $greeter = Greeter->new("Bob");
$greeter->greet();

Instantiate object with mutable state

Reimplement the Greeter class so that the 'whom' property or data member remains private but is mutable, and is provided with getter and setter methods. Invoke the setter to change the greetee, invoke 'greet', then use the getter in displaying the line, "I have just greeted {whom}.".

For example, if the greetee is changed to 'Tommy' using the setter, the 'greet' method would display:

Hello, Tommy!

The getter would then be used to display the line:

I have just greeted Tommy.

python

class Greeter(object):
_whom = None

def __init__(self, whom):
self._whom = whom

@property
def whom(self):
return self._whom

@propset(whom)
def whom(self, value=None):
self._whom = value

def greet(self):
print 'Helo, %s!' % self._whom

greeter = Greeter('Winston')
greeter.greet()
greeter.whom = 'Tommy'
greeter.greet()

# required for Python 2.5 or less
def propset(prop):
assert isinstance(prop, property)
def helper(func):
return property(prop.fget, func, prop.fdel, prop.__doc__)
return helper

class Greeter(object):
_whom = None

def __init__(self, whom):
self._whom = whom

@property
def whom(self):
return self._whom

@propset(whom)
def whom(self, value=None):
self._whom = value

def greet(self):
print 'Helo, %s!' % self._whom

greeter = Greeter('Winston')
greeter.greet()
greeter.whom = 'Tommy'
greeter.greet()

clojure

(defn greeter [whom]
(atom {:whom whom}))

(defn get-whom [g]
(:whom @g))

(defn set-whom [g whom]
(swap! g #(conj % {:whom whom})))

(defn greet [g]
(println (str "Hello, " (:whom @g) "!")))

; using the "class"
(let [g (greeter "world")]
(greet g)
(set-whom g "Tommy")
(greet g)
(println (str "I have just greeted " (get-whom g) ".")))

; or same effect without using any variables
(println (str "I have just greeted "
(get-whom (doto (greeter "world")
(greet)
(set-whom "Tommy")
(greet)))
"."))

fsharp

type Greeter(name:string) =
let mutable whom = name

member this.Whom
with get () = whom
and set v = whom <- v

member this.Greet() =
printfn "Hello, %s!" whom

let greeter = Greeter("World")
greeter.Greet()
greeter.Whom <- "Tommy"
greeter.Greet()
printfn "I have just greeted %s." greeter.Whom

fantom

class Greeter
{
new make(Str whom) { this.whom = whom }
Void greet() { echo("Hello, $whom!") }
Str whom
}

greeter := Greeter("world")
greeter.greet
greeter.whom = "Tommy"
echo("I have just greeted ${greeter.whom}.")

groovy

class Greeter {
def whom
def greet() { println "Hello, $whom!" }
}

greeter = new Greeter(whom:"world"); greeter.greet()

greeter.whom = 'Tommy'; greeter.greet()
println "I have just greeted $greeter.whom"

java

class Greeter {
private String whom;

public Greeter(String whom) {
this.whom = whom;
}

public String getWhom() {
return whom;
}

public void setWhom(String whom) {
this.whom = whom;
}

public void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello " + whom + "!");
}
}
Greeter greeter = new Greeter("World");
greeter.greet();
greeter.setWhom("Tommy");
greeter.greet();
System.out.println("I have just greeted " + greeter.getWhom() + ".");

perl

package Greeter;
sub new {
my ($class, $whom) = @_;
bless {whom => $whom}, $class;
}
sub whom {
my ($self, $whom) = @_;
if ($whom) { $self->{whom} = $whom; }
else { return $self->{whom} }
}
sub greet {
my ($self) = @_;
my $whom = $self->{whom};
print "Hello, $whom!\n";
}
package main;

my $g = new Greeter ("world");
$g->greet;

$g->whom("Tommy");
$g->greet;
print "I have just greeted " . $g->whom . "\n";

Inheritance

Implement Inheritance Heirarchy

Implement a Shape abstract class which will form the base of an inheritance hierarchy that models 2D geometric shapes. It will have:

* A non-mutable 'name' property or data member set by derived or descendant classes at construction time
* A 'area' method intended to be overridden by derived or descendant classes ( double precision floating point return value)
* A 'print' method (also for overriding) will display the shape

's name, area, and all shape-specific values



Two derived or descendant classes will be created:

* Circle    -> Constructor requires a '

radius' argument, and a 'circumference

' method to be implemented  

* Rectangle -> Constructor requires '

length' and 'breadth' arguments, and a 'perimeter

' method to be implemented 



Instantiate an object of each class, and invoke each objects '

print' method to show relevant details.

python

#Start with the import statements.
import math # necessary to get the value of pi

class Shape(object):
"""Shape Class"""
def __init__(self):
"""Constructor method"""
pass #Do nothing here
def area(self):
"""The area method"""
pass #Do nothing here
def print_(self):
"""
The print method. Note the trailing underscore - this is because
there is a reserved statement called 'print' in python 2.x. The
trailing underscore is the accepted method of re-using names without
rebinding them
"""
print 'The name is: %s' % self.name #Print the only property we currently have

def _getName(self):
"""The getter method for the 'name' property.
Note that getter methods are generally discouraged in python"""
return self._name

_name = None # The leading underscore gives a weak non-public value
# to a variable. Two leading underscores will mangle its
# name at runtime, to make it more difficult to access.
# Note there is no real 'private' variable type in python.
name = property(_getName, doc='The name of this object')
# property statements work like: property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

class Circle(Shape):
"""Circle Class - a sub class of shape"""
def __init__(self, radius, name='Circle'):
"""Constructor method again"""
Shape.__init__(self) # init the super class
self.radius = radius # Store the radius
self._setCircumference()# Function call
self._name = name

def _setCircumference(self):
self.circumference = 2*math.pi*self.radius

def area(self):
'''Return the area of this circle'''
tmpAera = math.pi * self.radius**2
return tmpAera
def print_(self):
'''The print method'''
super(Circle, self).print_() # This calls the print_ method in
# the super classes of Circle, in
# this case Shape
print 'The radius is: %f' % self.radius
print 'The circumference is %f' % self.circumference
print 'The area is: %f' % self.area()

class Rectangle(Shape):
"""The Rectangle Class"""
def __init__(self, length, breadth, name='Rectangle'):
Shape.__init__(self)
self._name = name
self.length = length
self.breadth = breadth
self.perimeter()
def area(self):
return self.breadth*self.length
def perimeter(self):
self._perimeter = self.breadth*2+self.length*2
return self._perimeter # You have a method return a value and still
# safely call it without handling the return
# value. This would be collected by garbage
# collection.
def print_(self):
super(Rectangle, self).print_()
print 'The length is %f and the breadth is %f' %(self.length, self.breadth)
print 'The perimeter is: %f' %self._perimeter
print 'The area is: %f' % self.area()

if __name__ == '__main__':
rectangle = Rectangle(5,3)
circle = Circle(5, name='Round and Round')
rectangle.print_()
circle.print_()

clojure

(defmulti area :Shape)
(defmulti print :Shape)

; Circle methods
(defn circle [r]
{:Shape :Circle
:name "Circle"
:radius r})

(defn circumference [c]
(* 2 Math/PI (:radius c)))

(defmethod area :Circle [c]
(* Math/PI (:radius c) (:radius c)))

(defmethod print :Circle [c]
(println (format "I am a %s with ->" (:name c)))
(println (format "Radius: %.2f" (:radius c)))
(println (format "Area: %.2f" (area c)))
(println (format "Circumference: %.2f" (circumference c))))

; Rectangle methods
(defn rectangle [l b]
{:Shape :Rectangle
:name "Rectangle"
:length l
:breadth b})

(defn perimeter [r]
(+ (* 2 (:length r)) (* 2 (:breadth r))))

(defmethod area :Rectangle [r]
(* (:length r) (:breadth r)))

(defmethod print :Rectangle [r]
(println (format "I am a %s with ->" (:name r)))
(println (format "Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f" (:length r) (:breadth r)))
(println (format "Area: %.2f" (area r)))
(println (format "Perimeter: %.2f" (perimeter r))))

; usage of the "classes"
(let [shapes (list (circle 4.2) (rectangle 2.7 3.1) (rectangle 6.2 2.6) (circle 17.3))]
(doseq [shape shapes]
(print shape)))

fsharp

[<AbstractClass>]
type Shape(name:string) =
member this.Name = name
abstract Area : float
abstract Print : unit -> unit

type Circle(name, radius:float) =
inherit Shape(name)
member this.Radius = radius
member this.Circumference =
System.Math.PI * radius * 2.
override this.Area =
System.Math.PI * radius * radius
override this.Print() =
printfn "Circle: %s" this.Name
printfn "Area: %f" this.Area
printfn "Circumference: %f" this.Circumference
printfn "Radius: %f" this.Radius

type Rectangle(name, length:float, breadth:float) =
inherit Shape(name)
member this.Length = length
member this.Breadth = breadth
member this.Perimiter =
(length * 2.) + (breadth * 2.)
override this.Area =
length * breadth
override this.Print() =
printfn "Rectangle: %s" this.Name
printfn "Area: %f" this.Area
printfn "Perimiter: %f" this.Perimiter
printfn "Length: %f" this.Length
printfn "Breadth: %f" this.Breadth

let c = Circle("Foo", 2.1)
let r = Rectangle("Bar", 2.2, 3.3)

c.Print()
printfn ""
r.Print()

fantom

abstract class Shape
{
const Str name
new make(Str name) { this.name = name }
abstract Float area()
abstract Void print()
}

class Circle : Shape
{
private Float radius

new make(Float radius) : super("circle") { this.radius = radius }
Float circumference() { return 2 * Float.pi * radius }
override Float area() { return Float.pi * radius.pow(2.0f) }
override Void print()
{
echo("I am a $name with radius $radius, area $area
and circumference $circumference")
}
}

class Rectangle : Shape
{
private Float length
private Float breadth

new make(Float length, Float breadth) : super("rectangle")
{
this.length = length
this.breadth = breadth
}
Float perimeter() { return 2 * (length + breadth) }
override Float area() { return length * breadth }
override Void print()
{
echo("I am a $name with length $length, breadth $breadth,
area $area and perimeter $perimeter")
}
}

circle := Circle(4.0f)
circle.print
rectangle := Rectangle(2.0f, 5.5f)
rectangle.print

groovy

abstract class Shape {
final name
Shape(name) { this.name = name }
abstract area()
abstract print()
}

class Circle extends Shape {
final radius
Circle(radius) {
super('circle')
this.radius = radius
}
def area() { Math.PI * radius * radius }
def circumference() { 2 * Math.PI * radius }
def print() {
println "I am a $name with ->"
printf 'Radius: %.2f\n', radius
printf 'Area: %.2f\n', area()
printf 'Circumference: %.2f\n', circumference()
}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
final length, breadth
def Rectangle(length, breadth) {
super("rectangle")
this.length = length
this.breadth = breadth
}
def area() { length * breadth }
def perimeter() { 2 * length + 2 * breadth }
def print() {
println "I am a $name with ->"
printf 'Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f\n', length, breadth
printf 'Area: %.2f\n', area()
printf 'Perimeter: %.2f\n', perimeter()
}
}

shapes = [new Circle(4.2), new Rectangle(2.7, 3.1), new Rectangle(6.2, 2.6), new Circle(17.3)]
shapes.each { shape -> shape.print() }

java

/*
* Will work with version 1.4 if you remove the @Override annotation
* and declare floating point numbers using the primitive "double"
*/
abstract class Shape {
protected final String name;
public Shape(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public abstract Double area();
public abstract void print();
}
class Circle extends Shape {
private Double radius;
public Circle(Double radius) {
super("circle");
this.radius = radius;
}
@Override
public Double area() {
return Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
}
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("A " + name + " with radius " + radius
+ ", area " + area() + " and circumference "
+ circumference() + ".");
}
public Double circumference() {
return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
private Double length, breadth;
public Rectangle(Double length, Double breadth) {
super("Rectangle");
this.length = length;
this.breadth = breadth;
}
@Override
public Double area() {
return length * breadth;
}
public Double perimeter() {
return 2 * length + 2 * breadth;
}
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("A " + name + " with length " + length
+ ", breadth " + breadth + ", area " + area()
+ " and perimeter " + perimeter() + ".");
}
}
Circle circle = new Circle(4d);
circle.print();
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(2d, 5.5);
rectangle.print();

perl

package Shapes;

use MooseX::Declare;

class Shape {
use MooseX::ABC;
requires qw/area print/;
has 'name' => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', default => '', required => 0, init_arg => undef );

}

class Circle extends Shape {
use constant PI => 4 * atan2(1, 1);

has '+name' => ( default => 'circle' );
has 'radius' => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Num', required => 1, init_arg => 'r' );

sub area { PI * ( $_[0]->radius ** 2 ) }
sub circumference { 2 * PI * ( $_[0]->radius ** 2 ) }

sub print {
my $self = shift;

printf <<"END_OF_BLOCK", map { $self->$_ } qw/name radius area circumference/;
I am a '%s' with
Radius: %.2f
Area: %.2f
Circumference: %.2f
END_OF_BLOCK

}

}

class Rectangle extends Shape {

has '+name' => ( default => 'rectangle' );
has 'length' => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Num', required => 1, init_arg => 'l' );
has 'breadth' => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Num', required => 1, init_arg => 'b' );

sub area { $_[0]->length * $_[0]->breadth }
sub perimeter { 2 * ( $_[0]->length + $_[0]->breadth ) }

sub print {
my $self = shift;

printf <<"END_OF_BLOCK", map { $self->$_ } qw/name length breadth area perimeter/;
I am a '%s' with
Length, Width: %.2f, %.2f
Area: %.2f
Perimeter: %.2f
END_OF_BLOCK

}

}

1;

package main;

my @shapes = ( Circle->new( r => 4.2 ), Rectangle->new(l => 2.7, b => 3.1),
Rectangle->new(l => 6.2, b => 2.6), Circle->new( r => 17.3) );
$_->print for @shapes;

{
package Shapes;

sub new {
my $class = shift;
die 'Invalid parameters' if (@_ % 2);
my %parameters = @_;
die 'Missing name' unless defined $parameters{name};
bless \%parameters, $class
}

sub area {
die
'area() method must be implemented by ',__PACKAGE__.' subclasses';
}
sub print {
my $self = shift;
printf "Name: \t%s\n", $self->{name};
printf "Area: \t%.2f\n", $self->area();
}
}

{
package Circle;
use parent -norequire, 'Shapes';
use Scalar::Util qw/looks_like_number/;
use Math::Trig;

sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new(name => 'Circle', @_);
die 'Missing radius' unless defined($self->{radius});
die 'Invalid radius (not a number)'
unless looks_like_number($self->{radius});
$self
}
sub area {
my $self = shift;
pi * ($self->{radius} ** 2)
}
sub circumference {
my $self = shift;
2 * pi * $self->{radius};
}
sub print {
my $self = shift;
$self->SUPER::print;
printf "Circumference: \t%.2f\n", $self->circumference;
}

}

{
package Rectangle;
use parent -norequire, 'Shapes';
use Scalar::Util qw/looks_like_number/;

sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new(name => 'Rectangle', @_);
do {
die "Missing $_" unless defined($self->{$_});
die "Invalid $_" unless looks_like_number($self->{$_});
} for qw/length breadth/;
$self;
}
sub area {
my $self = shift;
$self->{length} * $self->{breadth}
}
sub print {
my $self = shift;
$self->SUPER::print();
do {
printf ucfirst($_).": \t%.2f\n", $self->{$_}
} for qw/length breadth/;
}
}

package main;

my @shapes = ( Circle->new( radius => 4.2 ),
Rectangle->new(length => 2.7, breadth => 3.1),
Rectangle->new(length => 6.2, breadth => 2.6),
Circle->new( radius => 17.3) );
$_->print for @shapes;

Implement and use an Interface

Create a Serializable interface consisting of 'save' and 'restore' methods, each of which:

* Accept a stream or handle or descriptor argument for the source or destination
* Save to destination or restore from source the properties or data members of the implementing class (restrict yourself to the primitive types 'int' and 'string')

Next, create a Person class which has 'name' and 'age' properties or data members and implements this interface. Instantiate a Person object, save it to a serial stream, and instantiate a new Person object by restoring it from the serial stream.

python

import pickle

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
return "Name: {name}, age: {age}".format(name=self.name, age=self.age)

person = Person("Gaylord Focker", 21)
with open("person.pickle", "wb") as outstream:
pickle.dump(person, outstream)
with open("person.pickle", "rb") as instream:
deserialized_person = pickle.load(instream)
print(deserialized_person)

clojure

(defn person [name age]
{:name name :age age})

(defn show [p]
(println (format "Name=%s Age=%d" (:name p) (:age p))))

(defn save [p filename]
(with-out-writer filename (pr p)))

(defn restore [filename]
(read (PushbackReader. (reader filename))))

(let [p (person "Ken" 38)]
(show p)
(save p *person-fn*))

(let [ser-p (restore *person-fn*)]
(show ser-p))

fsharp

// Since everyone else is using built-in functionality instead of
// defining an interface as required, I won't buck the trend.
// Maybe this problem should be named "Use serialization features" instead
// of "Implement and use an Interface"

open System
open System.IO
open System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary

[<Serializable>]
type Person(name:string, age:int) =
member this.Name = name
member this.Age = age

let serialize x =
use ms = new MemoryStream()
let bf = new BinaryFormatter()
bf.Serialize(ms, x)
ms.ToArray()

let deserialize<'a> bytes =
use ms = new MemoryStream(bytes:byte[])
let bf = new BinaryFormatter()
bf.Deserialize(ms) :?> 'a

let before = Person("Joel", 35)
let bytes = serialize before
let after = deserialize<Person> bytes

printfn "Before: %s, %i" before.Name before.Age
printfn "After: %s, %i" after.Name after.Age

fantom

@Serializable
class Person
{
Str name
Int age
new make(|This| f) { f(this) }
}

person := Person() { name="Tom Bones"; age=23 }
File(`tommy.dump`).out.writeObj(person).close
Person tom := File(`tommy.dump`).in.readObj

groovy

// Built-in functionality but with slightly different names. Showing usage:
class Person implements Serializable { String name; int age }
p1 = new Person(name:'John', age:21)
p2 = null
output = new ByteArrayOutputStream() // or FileOutputStream, etc.
output.withObjectOutputStream { oos -> oos << p1 }
input = new ByteArrayInputStream(output.toByteArray())
input.withObjectInputStream(getClass().classLoader){ ois -> p2 = ois.readObject() }
assert p2.name == 'John'
assert p2.age == 21

java

// Serialization to a file
class Person implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private String name;
private int age;
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if(obj == this) return true;
if(obj instanceof Person) {
Person p = (Person) obj;
return (p.getName().equals(this.getName())
& p.getAge() == this.getAge());
}
return false;
}
public String toString() {
return "Name: " + name + ", age: " + age;
}
}
Person person = new Person();
person.setName("Gaylord Focker");
person.setAge(21);

try {
File file = new File("ser.obj");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(person);
oos.close();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Person deserializedPerson = (Person) ois.readObject();
ois.close();
System.out.println(deserializedPerson);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

perl

package Person;

use Moose;
use MooseX::Storage;
with Storage('format' => 'JSON', 'io' => 'File');

has 'name' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Str');
has 'age' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int');

1;

Person->new( name => 'David B.', age => 28)->store('person.json');

my $p = Person->load('person.json');

{
package Serializable;
use Role::Basic;
use Storable qw'store_fd retrieve_fd';
use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
use IO::Handle;
use Carp;

sub save {
my $self = shift;
my $fd = shift or croak 'Needs target file handle';
$DB::single = (1);
store_fd($self, $fd);
}

sub restore {
my $class = shift;
my $fd = shift or croak 'Needs source file handle';
my $self = retrieve_fd( $fd );
bless $self, $class
}

}
{
package Person;
use Role::Basic 'with';
use Scalar::Util 'looks_like_number';
use Carp;

with 'Serializable';

sub new {
my $class = shift;
croak 'Invalid parameters' if (@_ % 2);
%parameters = @_;

do {
croak "Missing $_" unless defined $parameters{$_}
} for qw/name age/;
croak 'Invalid age' unless looks_like_number($parameters{age});
bless \%parameters, $class
}
sub name {
$self{name}
}
sub age {
$self{age}
}
}

use IO::Handle;
my $p1 = Person->new(age => 42, name => 'Milly Fogg');
open my $fh, '+>', 'person.store';
$p1->save( $fh );
seek $fh, 0, SEEK_SET;
my $p2 = Person->restore( $fh );

Networking

HTTP

Check your language appears on the langref.org site

Your language name should appear within the HTML found at the http://langreg.org main page.

python

from urllib import urlopen
print urlopen('http://langref.org').read().find('python') >= 0 and 'found' or 'not found'

clojure

(def *url* "http://langref.org/")
(def *lang* "clojure")

(with-open [ stream (.openStream (URL. *url*)) ]
(let [ body (str (line-seq (BufferedReader. (InputStreamReader. stream)))) ]
(str "Language " *lang* " does "
(if-not (re-matches (re-pattern (str ".*" *url* *lang* ".*")) body) "not ")
"exist")))

fsharp

let httpReq = (WebRequest.Create(url) :?> HttpWebRequest)
httpReq.KeepAlive <- false
let httpStream = new StreamReader(httpReq.GetResponse().GetResponseStream())
let htmlPage = httpStream.ReadToEnd()
httpStream.Close()

let offerStatus = (if (htmlPage.IndexOf(url ^ language) > 0) then "offers" ; else "does not offer")
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", url, offerStatus, language)

fantom

language := "Fantom"
url := `http://langref.org/`

response := WebClient(url).getStr
if (Regex.fromStr("\\b$language.lower\\b").matcher(response).find)
echo("Language $language appears at ${url}.")

groovy

assert new URL('http://langref.org').text.contains('groovy')

java

String url = "http://langref.org/", language = "java", line = null, regexp = ".*" + url + language + ".*";

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader((new URL(url)).openStream()));
while ((line = in.readLine()) != null)
if (line.matches(regexp)) { System.out.printf("Language %s exists @ %s\n", language, url); break; }

in.close();

erlang

URL = "http://langref.org/", Language = "erlang", Regexp = ".*" ++ URL ++ Language ++ ".*",

case http:request(URL) of
{ok, {_, _, Body}} ->
case regexp:first_match(Body, Regexp) of
{match, _, _} -> io:format("Language ~s exists @ ~s~n", [Language, URL]);
_ -> false
end;
{error, ErrorInfo} -> throw("Error: " ++ http:format_error(ErrorInfo))
end,

perl

# requires libwww-perl
use LWP::Simple;

if (grep /perl/, get('http://langref.org/')) {
print 'perl appears on langref.org';
} else {
print 'perl does not appear on langref.org';
}

SMTP

Send an email

Use library functions, classes or objects to create a short email addressed to your own email address. The subject should be, "Greetings from langref.org", and the user should be prompted for the message body, and whether to cancel or proceed with sending the email.

python

import smtplib
import locale

from email.mime.text import MIMEText

encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()

def main():
smtp_servername = "smtp.example.com"

from_addr = "ernie@example.com"
to_addr = "cookie.monster@mailinator.com"

body = raw_input("Enter the email message ")
if not raw_input("Send email? y/N ") in ["y", "Y"]:
print "aborting"
return

message = MIMEText(body, _charset=encoding)

message["From"] = from_addr
message["To"] = to_addr
message["Subject"] = "Greetings from langref.org"

server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_servername)
server.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, message.as_string())

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

fsharp

open System
open System.Net
open System.Net.Mail
open System.Net.Mime

let subject = "Greetings from langref.org"
let from = "username@gmail.com"
let destination = "username@gmail.com"

printfn "Write mail body (press 'Enter' when finished):"
let mutable body = Console.ReadLine()
if body = null || body.Length = 0 then
body <- "Hello World"

let mail = new MailMessage(from, destination, subject, body)

let smtpHost = "smtp.gmail.com"
let clientCredentials = new NetworkCredential("username@gmail.com", "password")
let smtpClient = new SmtpClient(smtpHost,587)
smtpClient.EnableSsl <- true
smtpClient.UseDefaultCredentials <- false
smtpClient.Credentials <- clientCredentials

printfn "Send email? y/n"
match Console.ReadLine() with
| "y" -> smtpClient.Send(mail);mail.Dispose();printfn "email delivered"
| "n" -> smtpClient.Dispose()
| _ -> smtpClient.Dispose()

fantom

// read message body
echo("Enter message body. End the message with '.' character on a separate line:")
in := Env.cur.in
buf := StrBuf()
line := in.readLine;
while (line != null)
{
if (line.trim == ".")
break;
buf.add(line)
line = in.readLine
}

// construct email
email := Email
{
to = [ "someone@somewhere" ]
from = "me@mydomain"
subject = "Greetings from langref.org"
body = TextPart { text = buf.toStr }
}
mailClient := SmtpClient
{
host = "smtp.somewhere.net"
username = "me"
password = "my password"
log.level = LogLevel.debug
}

// send or abort
echo("Send email '$email.subject' to $email.to?: ");
line = in.readLine
echo("response=$line")
if (line?.trim.compareIgnoreCase("y") == 0)
mailClient.send(email)
else
echo("Aborted!")

groovy

// numerous libraries exist, this uses ant
// needs these jars: mailapi.jar, smtp.jar, ant-javamail.jar, ant-nodeps.jar
new AntBuilder().with {
input(message:'Message to send:', addproperty:'body')
input(message:'Send email?', validargs:'y,n,Y,N', addproperty:'confirm')
condition(property:'abort') { matches(string:'${confirm}', pattern:'n|N') }
fail(if:'abort', 'Email send aborted by user')
mail(mailhost:'smtp.gmail.com', mailport:'465', ssl:'on', user:'you@gmail.com',
subject:'Greetings from langref.org', password:'your_password'){
from(address:'you@gmail.com')
to(address:'rob@langref.org')
message('${body}')
}
}

java

// requires Java Mail API (mail.jar), which must be in classpath
try {
Properties props = System.getProperties();
props.put("mail.smtp.host", "smtp.sampledomain.com");
Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);
Message msg = new MimeMessage(session);
msg.setFrom(new InternetAddress("gaylord.focker@hollywood.com"));
msg.setRecipients(Message.RecipientType.TO, InternetAddress.parse("father@family.com"));
msg.setRecipients(Message.RecipientType.CC, InternetAddress.parse("mother@family.com"));
msg.setSubject("subject");
msg.setText("message body");
msg.setHeader("X-Mailer", "jAVAmAILER");
msg.setSentDate(new Date());
Transport.send(msg);
} catch (AddressException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MessagingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

perl

#SendSimpleEmail.pl
#
# Uses NET::SMTP to send an email to a specific email address
#Modification History
# 2009-MAR-17: GGARIEPY: [creation] (note: geoff.gariepy@gmail.com)

use strict;
use Net::SMTP; # See http://search.cpan.org/~gbarr/libnet-1.22/Net/SMTP.pm

my $smtpserver = 'some.smtp.server.fqdn.com'; # FQDN of SMTP server
my $fromaddress = 'somebody.surname@someemail.com';# Authorized user of SMTP server
my $subject = 'Greetings from langref.org'; # Subject of the message
my $recipient = 'geoff.gariepy@gmail.com'; # Recipient address
my @now;

# Prompt user for the message body to send
print "Enter the body of the message to send, then press Enter >";
my $message = <STDIN>; # String containing the body of the email

# Prompt user to see if execution should continue
print "Open connection to SMTP server [$smtpserver] to send your message? y/N [N] >";
my $yesorno = <STDIN>;
unless ($yesorno =~ /y/i ) {
print "Aborting send of message\n";
exit;
}

my $smtp = Net::SMTP->new($smtpserver, Debug => 1);# Connect to the SMTP server, and
# output diagnostics to STDOUT (DEBUG mode)

# Check to make sure connection was established; die if not.
if (!ref($smtp)) {
die("SENDMAIL: Couldn't establish session with $smtpserver! Message not sent!\n");
}

# Start the communication with the SMTP server by telling it we want
# to mail something.
$smtp->mail($fromaddress);

# Perl's NET::SMTP interface specifies the recipient(s) of the message by
# calls to the recipient method.
# Note that the method should be called once for each separate recipient
# (set up a loop to do this.)
# We're only going to do it once, however, since we only have one recipient.
$smtp->recipient($recipient);

# Figure out current date/time for the message date stamp
# Date stamp format is DD Monthname YY HH:MM:SS TIMEZONE
my @monthnames = qw(Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec);
@now = gmtime(time);
for (0..$#now) {
# Make single-digit date/time elements two digits
if (length($now[$_]) lt 2) {$now[$_] = '0'.$now[$_];} # (i.e. prefix with '0')
}

# Slice off just the time and date elements we need from the output of gmtime()
my($YY, $MON, $DD, $HH, $MM, $SS) = @now[5,4,3,2,1,0];
$YY += 1900; # gmtime() epoch starts at 1900

my $monthname = $monthnames[$MON]; # Get the name of the month

# Finally build the silly date stamp!
my $datestring = "Date: $DD $monthname $YY $HH:$MM:$SS GMT";

# Tell the SMTP server we're about to send a block of message data
$smtp->data();
$smtp->datasend("$datestring"); # Give it the message date stamp
$smtp->datasend("From: $fromaddress\n"); # Send from address
$smtp->datasend("To: $recipient\n"); # Build the *display* list of 'to:' addresses
$smtp->datasend("Subject: $subject\n\n"); # Send subject delimited by two CRLFs
$smtp->datasend($message); # Send the message body
$smtp->dataend(); # Actually sends the message!!
$smtp->quit(); # Close the link to the SMTP server

__END__

XML

Parsing

Process an XML document

Given the XML Document:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>

Print out the total cost of the items, e.g. $14.50

python

from xml.dom.minidom import parseString
document = parseString(
"""<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>""").documentElement
total = sum([float(item.getAttribute('price')) *
int(item.getAttribute('quantity'))
for item in document.getElementsByTagName('item')])
print '$%.2f' % total

clojure

(println (format "Total cost of items are $%#.2f"
(->> (xml-seq (parse *xml-input-stream*))
(filter #(= :item (:tag %))) ; Remove all but the item tags
(map :attrs) ; Keep the attributes
(map (fn [e] (str "(* " (:quantity e) " " (:price e) ")"))) ; Get the total price as a sexp
(map read-string) ; "(* quantity price)" -> (* quantity price)
(map eval) ; (* quantity price) -> quantity*price
(apply +)))) ; Sum all elements

fsharp

#r @"C:\Program Files (x86)\Reference Assemblies\Microsoft\Framework\v3.5\System.Xml.Linq.dll"

open System
open System.Xml.Linq
//XElement Helper
let xname sname = XName.Get sname

let xmlsnippet =
let snippet = new XElement(xname "shopping")
//create bread
let bread = new XElement(xname "item")
bread.SetAttributeValue(xname "name","bread")
bread.SetAttributeValue(xname "quantity",3)
bread.SetAttributeValue(xname "price",2.50)
//add bread to snippet
snippet.Add(bread)
//create milk
let milk = new XElement(xname "item")
milk.SetAttributeValue(xname "name","milk")
milk.SetAttributeValue(xname "quantity",2)
milk.SetAttributeValue(xname "price",3.50)
//add milk to snippet
snippet.Add(milk)
snippet

let totalprice (xe: XElement) =
xe.Descendants(xname "item")
|> Seq.map(fun i -> Double.Parse(i.Attribute(xname "price").Value))
|> Seq.fold(fun acc x -> acc + x) 0.0

let xname sname = XName.Get sname
let xattr (elem: XElement) sname = elem.Attribute(xname sname).Value
let xml = XDocument.Load("xml.txt")

let shoppingCost =
xml.Descendants(xname "item")
|> Seq.map (fun i -> Double.Parse(xattr i "quantity"), Double.Parse(xattr i "price"))
|> Seq.sumBy (fun (quantity, price) -> quantity * price)

// Alternative solution that uses XML Navigation, and XPath expressions to ensure that
// the items have the required attributes
let xname sname = XName.Get sname
let xattr (elem: XElement) sname = elem.Attribute(xname sname).Value

let navigator = XPathDocument("xml.txt").CreateNavigator()
let path = XPathExpression.Compile("/shopping/item[@price][@quantity]")
let names = XmlNamespaceManager(navigator.NameTable)
path.SetContext(names)
let shoppingCost =
match path.ReturnType with
| XPathResultType.NodeSet ->
navigator.Select(path)
|> Seq.cast
|> Seq.map (fun (i: XPathNavigator) ->
if i.IsNode then
let elem = XElement.Parse(i.OuterXml)
Double.Parse(xattr elem "quantity"), Double.Parse(xattr elem "price")
else
failwith "Error in expression, expecting to see a node"
)
|> Seq.sumBy (fun (quantity, price) -> quantity * price)
| _ -> failwith "Error in expression, expecting to see a node set"

fantom

sum := 0.0
root := XParser(File(`shop.xml`).in).parseDoc.root
if (root.name == "shopping")
{
root.elems.each
{
if (it.name == "item")
{
quantity := Int.fromStr(it.get("quantity"))
price := Decimal.fromStr(it.get("price"))
sum += quantity * price;
}
}
}
echo("\$$sum")

groovy

printf '$%.2f\n', new XmlSlurper().parseText(xml).item.collect{
it.@quantity.toInteger() * it.@price.toFloat()
}.sum()

java

// solution uses JAXP and SAX included in Java API since version >= 1.5
class ShoppingContentHandler extends DefaultHandler {
Double priceSum = 0d;
@Override
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String name,
Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
if(name.equals("item")) {
String quantityString = attributes.getValue(attributes.getIndex("quantity"));
String priceString = attributes.getValue(attributes.getIndex("price"));
Integer quantity = Integer.parseInt(quantityString);
Double price = Double.parseDouble(priceString);
priceSum += (quantity * price);
}
}
public Double getPriceSum() {
return priceSum;
}
}

SAXParserFactory parserFactory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
try {
SAXParser parser = parserFactory.newSAXParser();
XMLReader reader = parser.getXMLReader();
ShoppingContentHandler contentHandler = new ShoppingContentHandler();
reader.setContentHandler(contentHandler);
reader.parse(new InputSource(new FileReader("shopping.xml")));
System.out.printf("$%.2f", contentHandler.getPriceSum());

} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SAXException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

erlang

-include_lib("xmerl/include/xmerl.hrl").
-export([get_total/1]).

get_total(ShoppingList) ->
{XmlElt, _} = xmerl_scan:string(ShoppingList),
Items = xmerl_xpath:string("/shopping/item", XmlElt),
Total = lists:foldl(fun(Item, Tot) ->
[#xmlAttribute{value = PriceString}] = xmerl_xpath:string("/item/@price", Item),
{Price, _} = string:to_float(PriceString),
[#xmlAttribute{value = QuantityString}] = xmerl_xpath:string("/item/@quantity", Item),
{Quantity, _} = string:to_integer(QuantityString),
Tot + Price*Quantity
end,
0, Items),
io:format("$~.2f~n", [Total]).

perl

#! /usr/bin/perl
# -*- Mode: CPerl -*-

use strict;
use XML::Simple;
use Data::Dumper;

# Given the XML Document:
#
# <shopping>
# <item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
# <item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
# </shopping>
#
# Print out the total cost of the items, e.g. $14.50

my $xml =
" <shopping>\n"
." <item name=\"bread\" quantity=\"3\" price=\"2.50\"/>\n"
." <item name=\"milk\" quantity=\"2\" price=\"3.50\"/>\n"
." </shopping>\n";

my $xs = XML::Simple->new();
my $ref = $xs->XMLin($xml);
my $stuff = ${$ref}{item};

my $q;
my $p;
my $t;
my $z;

foreach my $item ( sort keys %{$stuff}){
$q = ${$stuff}{$item}{quantity};
$p = ${$stuff}{$item}{price};
$z = $q*$p;
printf "%5.5s %2d @\$%5.2f = \$%5.2f\n",$item,$q,$p,$z;
$t += $z;
}
printf "Total \$%5.2f\n",$t;

#eos

use strict;
use XML::Twig;

use Data::Dumper;

my $xml = <<ENDXML;
<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50"/>
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50"/>
</shopping>
ENDXML

my $xt = XML::Twig->parse( $xml );

my $price;
foreach my $item ($xt->root->children('item')) {
$price += ($item->{att}{price} * $item->{att}{quantity})
}

printf "Total Cost: %.2f\n", $price

Creation

create some XML programmatically

Given the following CSV:

bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50

Produce the equivalent information in XML, e.g.:

<shopping>
<item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50" />
<item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50" />
</shopping>

python

from xml.dom import minidom

csv = """bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50"""

doc = minidom.Document()
shopping = doc.createElement("shopping")

for line in csv.split("\n"):
name, quantity, price = line.split(",")
el = doc.createElement("item")
el.setAttribute("name", name)
el.setAttribute("quantity", quantity)
el.setAttribute("price", price)
shopping.appendChild(el)

print shopping.toprettyxml()

from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element, SubElement, tostring

csv = """bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50"""

root = Element('shopping')

for line in csv.split("\n"):
name, quantity, price = line.split(",")
SubElement(root,'item', {'name' : name,
'quantity' : quantity,
'price' : price })

print tostring(root)

clojure

(defn list->xml-item [lst]
(let [[name quantity price] (map str lst)]
{:tag :item
:attrs {:name name
:quantity quantity
:price price}}))

(defn cvs->xml [r]
(->> (map #(read-string (str "(" % ")")) (line-seq r))
(map list->xml-item)
(assoc {:tag :shopping} :content)
(emit)
(with-out-str)))

(println (cvs->xml *cvs-reader*))

fsharp

#r "System.Xml.dll"
#r "System.Xml.Linq.dll"

open System
open System.Xml
open System.Xml.Linq

let data = "bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50"

let X name =
XName.Get(name)

let lines = data.Split( [|"\n" |], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)

let document = new XDocument()
let element = new XElement(X "shopping")
document.Add(element)

lines
|> Seq.iter (fun line ->
let items = line.Split([|','|])
let item = new XElement(X "item",
new XAttribute(X "name", items.[0]),
new XAttribute(X "quantity", items.[1]),
new XAttribute(X "price", items.[2]))
element.Add(item))

let output = document.ToString();;

fantom

sum := 0.0
rows := CsvInStream(File(`shop.csv`).in).readAllRows

doc := XDoc()
doc.root = XElem("shopping")
{
root := it
rows.each |Str[] row|
{
root.add(XElem("item")
{
XAttr("name", row[0]),
XAttr("quantity", row[1]),
XAttr("price", row[2])
})
}
}

os := File(`shop.xml`).out
doc.write(os)
os.close

groovy

b = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder()
b.shopping {
csv.eachLine { line ->
(n, q, p) = line.split(',')
item(name:n, quantity:q, price:p)
}
}

// Groovy equivalent of Java JAXB solution
@XmlAccessorType(NONE)
class Item {
@XmlAttribute String name
@XmlAttribute Integer quantity
@XmlAttribute Double price
}

@XmlAccessorType(NONE)
@XmlRootElement
class Shopping {
@XmlElement Set<Item> items = []
}

Shopping shopping = new Shopping()
csvtext.eachLine{ line ->
(n, q, p) = line.split(',')
shopping.items << new Item(name:n, quantity:q.toInteger(), price:p.toDouble())
}
JAXB.marshal shopping, System.out

java

// In this solution JAXB is used to created the xml output.
// JAXB is included in Java 1.6. Runs with 1.5 if you include JAXB Jars
// in the classpath.
class Item {
// Of course you use getters and setters and declare attributes private.
// In this sample a "dirty" way is chosen to keep LOC low.
@XmlAttribute
String name;
@XmlAttribute
Integer quantity;
@XmlAttribute
Double price;
}

@XmlRootElement
class Shopping {
@XmlElement
Set<Item> items = new HashSet<Item>();
}

String line = null;
Shopping shopping = new Shopping();
try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("shopping.csv"));
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
String[] parts = line.split(",");
Item item = new Item();
item.name = parts[0];
item.quantity = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
item.price = Double.parseDouble(parts[2]);
shopping.items.add(item);

}
JAXB.marshal(shopping, "D:" + File.separatorChar + "shopping.auto.xml");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

erlang

to_xml(ShoppingList) ->
Items = lists:map(fun(L) ->
[Name, Quantity, Price] = string:tokens(L, ","),
{item, [{name, Name}, {quantity, Quantity}, {price, Price}], []}
end, string:tokens(ShoppingList, "\n")),
xmerl:export_simple([{shopping, [], Items}], xmerl_xml).

perl

#! /usr/bin/perl
# -*- Mode: CPerl -*-

use strict;
use XML::Simple;
use Data::Dumper;

# bread,3,2.50
# milk,2,3.50
#
# Produce the equivalent information in XML, e.g.:
#
# <shopping>
# <item name="bread" quantity="3" price="2.50" />
# <item name="milk" quantity="2" price="3.50" />
# </shopping>
#

my $line;
my $item;
my $q;
my $p;
my $z;

my $xs = XML::Simple->new();
my %d = ();
while($line=<DATA>){
chomp $line;
($item,$q,$p) = split ",",$line;
$d{shopping}{item}{$item}{quantity} = $q;
$d{shopping}{item}{$item}{price} = $p;
}

$xml = $xs->XMLout(\%d, KeepRoot => 1);
print $xml,"\n";

__DATA__
bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50

use strict;
use XML::Writer;
use Text::CSV;

my $csv = <<ENDOFCSV;
bread,3,2.50
milk,2,3.50
ENDOFCSV

open my $fh, '<', \$csv or die "Can't open string, $!\n";
my $csv = Text::CSV->new;
my $writer = XML::Writer->new(DATA_MODE => 1, DATA_INDENT => 2);

$writer->startTag('shopping');

while (my $arr_ref = $csv->getline($fh)) {
my %attributes;
@attributes{qw/name quantity price/} =
@{$arr_ref}[0..2];
$writer->emptyTag('item' => %attributes)
}
$writer->endTag('shopping');

Algorithms

Geometry

Find all Pythagorean triangles with length or height less than or equal to 20

Pythagorean triangles are right angle triangles whose sides comply with the following equation:

a * a + b * b = c * c

where c represents the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the other two sides. Find all such triangles where a, b and c are non-zero integers with a and b less than or equal to 20. Sort your results by the size of the hypotenuse. The expected answer is:

[3, 4, 5]
[6, 8, 10]
[5, 12, 13]
[9, 12, 15]
[8, 15, 17]
[12, 16, 20]
[15, 20, 25]

python

from math import sqrt

a = 1
ret = []
while a <= 20:
b = 1
while b <= 20:
c = sqrt((a**2)+(b**2))
if int(c) == c and sorted([a,b,int(c)]) not in ret:
ret.append(sorted([a,b,int(c)]))
b +=1
a +=1
print ret

or if you wanna get snarky..

print sorted(set([tuple(sorted((a,b,int(sqrt((a**2)+(b**2)))))) for a in xrange(1,21) for \
b in xrange(1,21) if int(sqrt((a**2)+(b**2))) == sqrt((a**2)+(b**2))]))

clojure

(defn pythagorean [a b c] (= (+ (* a a) (* b b)) (* c c)))

(defn intsqrt [cc]
(. (. Math sqrt cc) intValue)
)

(defn triples [maxSize]
(filter not-empty
(for [a (range 1 20) b (range a 20)]
(let [c (intsqrt (+ (* a a) (* b b)))]
(if (pythagorean a b c)
[a b c]
()
)))))

(triples 20)
; -> ([3 4 5] [5 12 13] [6 8 10] [8 15 17] [9 12 15] [12 16 20] [15 20 25])

(defn sortByHypotenuse [triples]
(sort-by #(first (rest (rest %))) triples)
)

(sortByHypotenuse (triples 20))
; -> ([3 4 5] [6 8 10] [5 12 13] [9 12 15] [8 15 17] [12 16 20] [15 20 25])

(doseq [pt (sort-by #(% 2)
(for [a (range 1 21)
b (range a 21)
:let [aa+bb (+ (* a a) (* b b))
c (Math/round (Math/sqrt aa+bb))]
:when (= aa+bb (* c c))]
[a b c]))]
(println pt))

fsharp

let getGoodTri (a,b) =
let h = int(System.Math.Sqrt(float(a*a + b*b)))
if a*a + b*b = h*h then Some(a,b,h)
else None

seq{ for i in 1..20 do yield! seq{for j in i..20 do yield i,j} } |> Seq.choose(getGoodTri) |> Seq.sortBy(fun (_,_,c) -> c);;

fantom

triangles := [,]
(1..20).each |Int a|
{
(a..20).each |Int b|
{
c := (a.pow(2) + b.pow(2)).toFloat.sqrt
if (c % c.toInt == 0.0f && !triangles.contains([b,a,c]))
triangles.add([a,b,c.toInt])
}
}
triangles.sort |Int[] x, Int[] y -> Int| { x[2]-y[2] }
echo(triangles)

groovy

Set results = []
for (x in 1..20)
for (y in x..20) {
def z = sqrt(x*x + y*y)
if (z.toInteger() == z) results << [x, y, z.toInteger()]
}
println results.sort{it[2]}.join('\n')

java

SortedSet<List<Integer>> results = new TreeSet<List<Integer>>(new Comparator<List<Integer>>() {
public int compare(List<Integer> o1, List<Integer> o2) {
return o1.get(2).compareTo(o2.get(2));
}
});
for (int x = 1; x <= 20; x++) {
for (int y = 1; y <= 20; y++) {
double z = Math.hypot(x, y) ;
if ((int) z == z)
results.add(Arrays.asList( new Integer[] { x, y, (int) z }));
}
}

erlang

find_all_pythagorean_triangles(L) ->
lists:sort(fun({_, _, H1}, {_, _, H2}) -> H1 =< H2 end,
[ { X, Y, Z } ||
X <- lists:seq(1,L),
Y <- lists:seq(1,L),
Z <- lists:seq(1,2*L),
X*X + Y*Y =:= Z*Z,
Y > X,
Z > Y
]).

main(_) ->
List = find_all_pythagorean_triangles(20).

perl

#!/usr/bin/perl
my @results;
for my $x (1..20) {
for my $y ($x..20) {
my $z = sqrt($x**2+$y**2);
push @results, [$x,$y,$z] if $z == int($z);
}
}
for my $triangle ( sort { $a->[2] <=> $b->[2] } @results) {
print "[".join(',',@$triangle)."]\n";
}

Arithmetic

Greatest Common Divisor

Find the largest positive integer that divides two given numbers without a remainder. For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4.

python

def gcd_recursive(i, j):
if min(i, j) == 0:
return max(i, j)
else:
return gcd_recursive(min(i, j), abs(i - j))

def gcd_iterative(i, j):
while min(i, j) != 0:
i, j = min(i, j), abs(i - j)
return max(i, j)

if __name__ == "__main__":
print gcd_recursive(8, 12)
print gcd_iterative(8, 12)

from fractions import gcd
print gcd(8, 12)

clojure

(defn gcd [a b]
(if (zero? b)
a
(recur b (mod b a))))

fsharp

let rec gcd x y =
if y = 0 then x
else gcd y (x % y)

fantom

gcd := |Int a, Int b -> Int| {
pair := [a, b].sort
while (pair.first != 0)
pair.set(1, pair.last % pair.first).swap(0, 1)
return pair.last
}
echo(gcd(12, 8)) // a>b, result == 4
echo(gcd(1029, 1071)) // a<b, result == 21

groovy

static def gcd(int i, int j) {
if (Math.min(i,j)==0) return Math.max(i,j)
else return gcd(Math.min(i,j),Math.abs(i-j))
}

java

static int gcd(int a, int b) {
if (Math.min(a, b) == 0)
return Math.max(a, b);
else
return gcd(Math.min(a, b), Math.abs(a - b));
}

erlang

-module(gcd).
-export([gcd/2]).

gcd(A, 0) -> A;
gcd(A, B) -> gcd(B, A rem B).

perl

sub gcd {
my ($a, $b) = @_;
($a,$b) = ($b,$a) if $a > $b;

while ($a) { ($a, $b) = ($b % $a, $a) }

return $b;
}

print gcd( 8, 12 );

my $g = gcd (8, 12);
print $g;

sub gcd {
# Euclid's Algorithm - recursive
my ($c, $d) = @_;
return $c unless $d;
return gcd ($d, $c % $d);
}

my $g = gcd2 (8, 12);
print $g;

sub gcd2 {
# Dijkstra's Algorithm - recursive
my ($c, $d) = @_;
return $c if $c == $d;
return $c > $d? gcd2 ($c - $d, $d) : gcd2 ($c, $d - $c);
}

Misc

Fun

produces a copy of its own source code

In computing, a quine is a computer program which produces a copy of its own source code as its only output.

python

# adapted from a Quine by Sean B. Palmer

print (lambda s='print (lambda s=%r: (s %% s))()': (s % s))()

x='x=%r;print(x%%x)';print(x%x)

clojure

(def s"(def s%s)(printf s(pr-str s))")(printf s(pr-str s))

fsharp

(fun s -> printf "%s %s" s s) "(fun s -> printf \"%s %s\" s s)"

fantom

class Q
{
static Void main()
{
r := "class Q\n{\n static Void main()\n {\n r := "
s := "\n s := \n echo (r+r.toCode+s[0..9]+s.toCode+s[10..-1])\n }\n}"
echo (r+r.toCode+s[0..9]+s.toCode+s[10..-1])
}
}

class Q{static Void main(){s:="class Q{static Void main(){s:=;c:=34.toChar;echo(s[0..<30]+c+s+c+s[30..-1]);}}";c:=34.toChar;echo(s[0..<30]+c+s+c+s[30..-1]);}}

groovy

s="s=%s;printf s,s.inspect()";printf s,s.inspect()

evaluate s='char q=39;print"evaluate s=$q$s$q"'

s="s=%c%s%c;printf s,34,s,34";printf s,34,s,34

s='s=%c%s%1$c;printf s,39,s';printf s,39,s

printf _='printf _=%c%s%1$c,39,_',39,_

java

public class Quine {public static void main(String[] args) {String s = "public class Quine {public static void main(String[] args) {String s = %c%s%c;System.out.printf(s, 34, s, 34);}}";System.out.printf(s, 34, s, 34);}}

public class Quine {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Character cq = (char) 34;
Character cn = (char) 10;
Character cs = (char) 92;
String s = "public class Quine {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n Character cq = (char) 34;\n Character cn = (char) 10;\n Character cs = (char) 92;\n String s = %c%s%c;\n System.out.printf(s, cq, s.replace(cn.toString(), cs.toString() + 'n'), cq);\n }\n}";
System.out.printf(s, cq, s.replace(cn.toString(), cs.toString() + 'n'), cq);
}
}

perl

seek DATA,0,0;
print <DATA>;
__DATA__
Cheating quine.

$_=q(print qq(\$_=q($_);eval\n));eval

$x=q($x=q(%s);printf($x,$x););printf($x,$x);

Parallel

Pool of Workers

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (No Shared Data)

python

import multiprocessing
import itertools

task_input = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]

def all_subperms(s):
return set(reduce(
list.__add__,
([''.join(p) for p in itertools.product(s, repeat=r) if p]
for r in xrange(len(s) + 1))))

p = multiprocessing.Pool(len(task_input))
task_output = p.map(all_subperms, task_input)
print map(list, task_output)

clojure

(defn perm-chars [l]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of strings with the
same size as the input string. This function will return duplicates
if the same character occurs multiple time in the string.
Ex: ab -> (aa ab ba ab)"
(if (string? l)
(recur (repeat (count l) l))
(let [s (first l)
r (rest l)]
(if (empty? r)
(map identity s)
(->> s
(map (fn [c] (map #(str c %) (perm-chars r))))
(flatten))))))

(defn perm-sz [s]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of the input
string. May return duplicats.
Ex: ab -> (aa ab ba bb a b a b)"
(if-not (empty? s)
(let [r (perm-chars s)]
(if (= (count s) 1)
r
(->> r
(map #(perm-sz (apply str (rest %))))
(flatten)
(lazy-cat r))))))

(defn perm [s]
"Returns a list of all possible permutations of the input
string. The list of string is sorted and does not contain
duplicates.
Ex: ab -> (a aa ab b ba bb)"
(->> (reduce (fn [s e] (conj s e)) #{} (perm-sz s))
(map str)
(sort)))

(println (pmap perm ["ab" "we" "tfe" "aoj"]))

(require 'cojure.contrib.combinatorics)

(pmap (fn [str]
(apply concat (map #(selections str (inc %))
(range (count str)))))
["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"])

fsharp

open System
let input = [| "ab"; "we"; "tfe"; "aoj" |]

/// Computes all permutations of an array
let rec permute = function
| [| |] -> [| [| |] |]
| a ->
a
|> Array.mapi (fun i ai ->
// Take all elements in the array apart from the i.th, compute
// their permutations, then attach element i at the front of each perm
Array.sub a 0 i
|> Array.append (Array.sub a (i + 1) (a.Length - i - 1))
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun perm -> Array.append [| ai |] perm)
)
|> Array.concat

/// Computes all permutations of a string
let permuteString (s: string) =
s.ToCharArray()
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun p -> new String(p))

let output =
input
|> Array.map (fun word -> async { return (permuteString word) })
|> Async.Parallel
|> Async.RunSynchronously

// like the Java and Groovy solutions, does not duplicate letters
open System
open System.Threading.Tasks

let input = [| "ab"; "we"; "tfe"; "aoj" |]

let factorial n =
seq { 1 .. n } |> Seq.reduce (*)

let swap (arr:'a[]) i j =
[| for k = 0 to arr.Length - 1 do
yield if k = i then arr.[j] elif k = j then arr.[i] else arr.[k] |]

let rec permutation (k:int,j:int) (r:'a[]) =
if j = (r.Length + 1) then r
else permutation (k/j+1, j+1) (swap r (j-1) (k%j))

let permutations (source:'a[]) = seq {
for k = 0 to (factorial source.Length) - 1 do
yield permutation (k,2) source
}

let permute (word:string) =
let letters = word.ToCharArray()
permutations letters
|> Seq.map (fun chars -> String(chars))
|> Array.ofSeq

let tasks =
input |> Array.map (fun word -> Task.Factory.StartNew(fun () -> permute word))

let taskResult (t:Task<_>) =
t.Result

let output = Task.Factory.ContinueWhenAll(tasks, fun ts -> Array.map taskResult ts).Result

fantom

using concurrent

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
const class PermGen : Actor
{
new make(ActorPool pool) : super(pool) {}

Void permutations(Str prefix, Str w, Str[] pset)
{
n := w.size
if (n == 0)
{
if (!pset.contains(prefix))
pset.add(prefix)
return
}
n.times { permutations(prefix + w[it..it], w[0..<it] + w[it+1..<n], pset) }
}

override Obj? receive(Obj? msg)
{
Str word := msg
wordSubPerm := Str[,]
for (Int i := 0; i < word.size; i++)
for (Int j := i; j < word.size; j++)
permutations("", word[i..j], wordSubPerm)
return wordSubPerm
}
}

class SolutionXX
{
static Void main()
{
pool := ActorPool() { maxThreads = 8 }
futures := Future[,]
["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"].each { futures.add(PermGen(pool).send(it)) }
futures.each { echo(it.get) }
}
}

groovy

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
def ans = [].asSynchronized()
def words = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]
def threads = []

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

words.each { word ->
def t = Thread.start {
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
ans << wordAns
}
threads << t
}

threads.each{ it.join() }
println ans

// as per Java answer, doesn't duplicate chars from input string, i.e. no 'aa'
def ans = [].asSynchronized()
def words = ["ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"]

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

withParallelizer {
words.eachParallel { word ->
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
ans << wordAns
}
}

println ans

java

public class ParallelPermutations {

final AtomicInteger cnt = new AtomicInteger(0);

final List<Set<String>> permutations = new ArrayList<Set<String>>();

public static void main(String[] args) {
new ParallelPermutations(Arrays.asList(args));
}

public ParallelPermutations(List<String> words) {
for (final String word : words) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
cnt.incrementAndGet() ;
Set<String> permutationSet = new HashSet<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.length(); j++)
permutations("", word.substring(i, j),
permutationSet);
permutations.add(permutationSet);
if (cnt.decrementAndGet() == 0)
synchronized (ParallelPermutations.this) {
ParallelPermutations.this.notify();
}
}
private void permutations(String prefix, String word, Set<String> permutations) {
int N = word.length();
if (N == 0)
permutations.add(prefix);
else
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
permutations(
prefix + word.charAt(i),
word.substring(0, i) + word.substring(i + 1, N),
permutations);
}
}).start();
}

synchronized (this) {
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted();
}
}

System.out.println(permutations);
}

}

public class ParallelPermutations {
public static void main(String[] words) throws Exception {
if(words.length==0)
words = new String[] {"ab", "we", "tfe", "aoj"};

ParallelPermutations permutations = new ParallelPermutations();
Map<String,Set<String>> wordPermutationSet =
permutations.calculate(words);

for(Map.Entry<String,Set<String>> e : wordPermutationSet.entrySet())
System.out.println(e.getKey()+" > "+e.getValue());

System.out.println(permutations.getNumberOfJobSpawned ()+" job(s) have been spawned");
}

private AtomicInteger jobSpawnedCounter = new AtomicInteger();
private ExecutorService workers ;
private ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Future<PermutationTask>> jobSpawned = newQueue();

public ParallelPermutations () {
int availableProcessors = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
// create a thread pool according to the number of proc.
workers = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(availableProcessors);
}

private void spawn(PermutationTask task) {
Future<PermutationTask> spawned = workers.submit(task);
jobSpawnedCounter.incrementAndGet();
jobSpawned.add(spawned);
}
public int getNumberOfJobSpawned () {
return jobSpawnedCounter.get();
}

public Map<String,Set<String>> calculate (String[] words)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
{
// submit all tasks, they will spawn sub-tasks by themselves
for(String word:words)
spawn(new PermutationTask(word));

Map<String,Set<String>> wordPermutationSet = newMap ();
Future<PermutationTask> spawned;
while( (spawned=jobSpawned.poll()) != null) {
// this will wait until the result is available
// this should also handle the fact that a sub-task is spawn
// and then added in the 'jobSpawned' before its parent is done
PermutationTask task = spawned.get();

String word = task.getWord();
Set<String> founds = task.getPermutationSet();
Set<String> alreadyFounds = wordPermutationSet.get(word);
if(alreadyFounds!=null)
alreadyFounds.addAll(founds);
else
wordPermutationSet.put(word, founds);
}
return wordPermutationSet;
}

private class PermutationTask implements Callable<PermutationTask> {
private final Set<String> permutationSet = new HashSet<String>();
private final String word;
private final int initialPos;
private final Stack<Integer> indicesUsed;
public PermutationTask(String word) {
this(word, 0, new Stack<Integer>());
}

/** sub task entry point */
public PermutationTask(String word,
int initialPos,
Stack<Integer> indicesUsed) {
this.word = word;
this.initialPos = 0;
this.indicesUsed = indicesUsed;
}

/** the word this task is working on*/
public String getWord() {
return word;
}

/** permutations set of this task */
public Set<String> getPermutationSet() {
return permutationSet;
}

/**
* perform the task specific calculation
* @see Callable
*/
public PermutationTask call() throws Exception {
calculatePermutation(initialPos, indicesUsed);
return this;
}

/**
* The algorithm part of the problem. The main interest is the sub-task
* spawning. When Java 7 will be available there would be a better
* alternative with the built-in fork/join framework.
*/
private void calculatePermutation(int currentPos, Stack<Integer> indicesUsed) {
final int maxLetterPerWord = word.length();
if(indicesUsed.size()>=maxLetterPerWord) {
return;
}

final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0, length = word.length(); i < length; i++) {
if(indicesUsed.contains(i) && distinctIndices)
continue;
indicesUsed.push(i);
if(indicesUsed.size()>=MIN_LETTER_PER_WORD) {
builder.setLength(0);
for(Integer index: indicesUsed)
builder.append(word.charAt(index));
permutationSet.add(builder.toString());
}
// spawn a sub task to perform the next pos. calculation
spawn(new PermutationTask(word, currentPos+1, copy(indicesUsed)));
indicesUsed.pop();
}
}
}

/* algorithm parameters : the minimum number of letter per word */
private static int MIN_LETTER_PER_WORD = 1;
/* allow duplicated letters in the word found */
private static boolean distinctIndices = true;

/* factory method */
private static <T> ConcurrentLinkedQueue<T> newQueue () {
return new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<T>();
}
/* factory method */
private static <K,V> Map<K,V> newMap () {
return new HashMap<K,V>();
}
/* factory method */
private static Stack<Integer> copy(Stack<Integer> stack) {
Stack<Integer> copy = new Stack<Integer>();
copy.addAll(stack);
return copy;
}
}

Subdivide A Problem To A Pool Of Workers (Shared Data)

Take a hard to compute problem and split it up between multiple worker threads. In your solution, try to fully utilize available cores or processors. (I'm looking at you, Python!)

Note: In this question, there should be a need for shared state between worker threads while the problem is being solved.

Example:

-Conway Game of Life-

From Wikipedia:

The universe of the Game of Life is an infinite two-dimensional orthogonal grid of square cells, each of which is in one of two possible states, live or dead. Every cell interacts with its eight neighbors, which are the cells that are directly horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent. At each step in time, the following transitions occur:

1. Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by underpopulation.
2. Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by overcrowding.
3. Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.
4. Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell.

The initial pattern constitutes the seed of the system. The first generation is created by applying the above rules simultaneously to every cell in the seed—births and deaths happen simultaneously, and the discrete moment at which this happens is sometimes called a tick (in other words, each generation is a pure function of the one before). The rules continue to be applied repeatedly to create further generations.

--However, for our purposes, we will assign a size to the game "board": 2^k * 2^k . That is, the board should be easy to subdivide.

Notice that in this problem, at each step or "tick", each thread/process will need to share data with its neighborhood.

clojure

; This is a "glider"
(def *start*
[".O......"
"..O....."
"OOO....."
"........"
"........"
"........"
"........"])
(def *width* (count (first *start*)))
(def *height* (count *start*))
(def *live* \O)
(def *dead* \.)
(def *n-generations-to-show* 3)

(defn cell-at
([b coord]
(cell-at b coord {:col 0 :row 0}))
([b coord offset]
(let [x (mod (+ (:col coord) (:col offset)) *width*)
y (mod (+ (:row coord) (:row offset)) *height*)]
(nth (nth b y) x))))

(defn neighbor-count [b coord]
(->> (for [x (range -1 2) y (range -1 2)] {:col x :row y})
(filter #(not (= {:col 0 :row 0} %)))
(map (partial cell-at b coord))
(reduce (fn [sum n] (+ sum (if (= *live* n) 1 0))) 0)))

(defn next-generation-cell [b coord]
(let [nc (neighbor-count b coord)]
(cond (< nc 2) *dead*
(> nc 3) *dead*
(= nc 3) *live*
true (cell-at b coord))))

(defn next-generation-row [b row]
(->> (range *width*)
(map #(next-generation-cell b {:col % :row row}))
(apply str)))

(defn next-generation [b]
(->> (range *height*)
(pmap #(next-generation-row b %))))

(defn generation-seq [b]
(let [ng (next-generation b)]
(lazy-seq (cons ng (generation-seq ng)))))

(doseq [g (take *n-generations-to-show* (generation-seq *start*))]
(doseq [l g]
(println l))
(println))

(shutdown-agents)

; This version calculates each separate line on a separate thread (pmap in next-generation)

fsharp

/// Represents a single cell, along with the basic transition rule
type State =
| Alive
| Dead
member this.Transition numLiveNeighbors =
match this with
| Alive when numLiveNeighbors < 2 -> Dead
| Alive when numLiveNeighbors > 3 -> Dead
| Alive -> Alive
| Dead when numLiveNeighbors = 3 -> Alive
| _ -> Dead
member this.ToChar() =
match this with
| Alive -> '*'
| Dead -> ' '
static member OfChar = function
| ' ' -> Dead
| _ -> Alive

type Board (board: State[,]) =
member this.Item
with get(i,j) = board.[i,j]
and set (i,j) v = board.[i,j] <- v
member this.Length1 = Array2D.length1 board
member this.Length2 = Array2D.length2 board
member this.CountLiveNeighbors(i, j) =
[| (-1,-1); (-1,0); (-1,1); (0,-1); (0,1); (1,-1); (1,0); (1,1) |]
|> Array.sumBy (fun (di,dj) ->
if (i + di) > 0 && (i + di) < this.Length1 && (j+dj) > 0 && (j+dj) < this.Length2 then
match board.[i+di,j+dj] with
| Alive -> 1
| _ -> 0
else
0
)
member this.Clone() = Board(Array2D.copy board)
override this.ToString() =
[|
for i in 0 .. this.Length1 - 1 do
let l = [| for j in 0 .. this.Length2 - 1 do yield board.[i,j].ToChar() |]
yield new String(l)
|]
|> String.concat ("\n")
static member OfString (s: string) =
let states =
s.Split('\n')
|> Array.map (fun line -> line.ToCharArray() |> Array.map State.OfChar)
Board (Array2D.init states.Length states.[0].Length (fun i j -> states.[i].[j]))
static member Update (inboard: Board) =
let outboard = inboard.Clone()
let Worker (i1,i2,j1,j2) =
for i in i1 .. i2 do
for j in j1 .. j2 do
outboard.[i,j] <-
inboard.CountLiveNeighbors(i, j)
|> inboard.[i,j].Transition
let N1 = inboard.Length1 / 2
let N2 = inboard.Length2 / 2
[| (0,N1,0,N2); (N1+1,inboard.Length1-1,0,N2); (0,N1,N2+1,inboard.Length2-1); (N1+1,inboard.Length1-1,N2+1,inboard.Length2-1) |]
|> Array.map (fun bounds -> async { Worker bounds})
|> Async.Parallel
|> Async.RunSynchronously
|> ignore
outboard

let blinker = " \n * \n * \n * \n " |> Board.OfString

do
let after1cycles =
blinker
|> Board.Update
let after3cycles =
after1cycles
|> Board.Update
|> Board.Update
printfn "%s" (after3cycles.ToString())

groovy

// some crude assumptions made for size and amount of parallelism
enum State { ALIVE, DEAD }
import static State.*

seed = '''\
* *
** **
** *
*
**
***
**
* \
'''

def computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n) {
// crudely split into 4 chunks but could be smarter if we wanted
int half = n/2
def t1 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, 0, half, 0, half) }
def t2 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, 0, half, half, n) }
def t3 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, half, n, 0, half) }
def t4 = Thread.start { computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, half, n, half, n) }
[t1, t2, t3, t4].each{ it.join() }
}

def computeNextGen(inboard, outboard, n, minx, maxx, miny, maxy) {
for (int i = minx; i < maxx; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < maxy; j++)
if (i == 0 || i == n-1 || j == 0 || j == n-1)
outboard[i][j] = DEAD
for (int i = minx; i < maxx; i++) {
for (int j = miny; j < maxy; j++) {
if (i == 0 || i == n-1 || j == 0 || j == n-1)
continue
int count = 0
[[-1, 0, 1], [-1, 0, 1]].combinations().each{ dx, dy ->
if ((dx || dy) && inboard[i+dx][j+dy] == ALIVE) count++
}
switch(count) {
case {count == 3}:
case {inboard[i][j] == ALIVE && count == 2}:
outboard[i][j] = ALIVE; break
default:
outboard[i][j] = DEAD
}
}
}
}

void printBoard(board) {
println '--------'
println board*.collect{ it == DEAD ? ' ' : '*' }*.join().join('\n')
}

void initBoard(seed, board) {
def row = 0
seed.readLines().each { line ->
def col = 0
line.each { ch ->
board[row][col++] = ch == '*' ? ALIVE : DEAD
}
row++
}
}

def N = 8
def NUM_CYCLES = 3
def board1 = new State[N][N]
def board2 = new State[N][N]
initBoard(seed, board1)
NUM_CYCLES.times {
computeNextGen board1, board2, N
printBoard board2
computeNextGen board2, board1, N
printBoard board1
}

java

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Life {
private static final int K = 4;
private static final int ITERATIONS = 10;

private static final boolean ALIVE = true;
private static final boolean DEAD = false;

private static final Board SEED = new Board(new boolean[][] {
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD, ALIVE },
{ DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE },
{ DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, ALIVE },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD },
{ DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD, ALIVE, DEAD, DEAD, DEAD } });

public static void main(String[] args) {
Life life = new Life(K, SEED);

System.out.println(life);

for (int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++) {
life.tick();
System.out.println(life);
}
}

private final Board board, oldBoard;

public Life(int k, Board seed) {
int width = 1 << k;
int height = 1 << k;
board = new Board(width, height);
oldBoard = new Board(width, height);

seed.copyTo(board);
}

private void tick() {
board.copyTo(oldBoard);

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());

for (int y = 0; y < board.height; y++)
for (int x = 0; x < board.width; x++)
executor.execute(new Evaluator(x, y));

executor.shutdown();

try {
executor.awaitTermination(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

public Board getBoard() {
return board;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return getBoard().toString();
}

private class Evaluator implements Runnable {
private final int x, y;

Evaluator(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

@Override
public void run() {
boolean state = DEAD;

int neighbors = oldBoard.countNeighbors(x, y);

switch (neighbors) {
case 2:
if (oldBoard.get(x, y) == DEAD)
break;
case 3:
state = ALIVE;
}

board.set(x, y, state);
}
}

public static class Board {
private final boolean[][] data;
private final int width, height;

public Board(boolean[][] data) {
this.data = data;
height = data.length;
width = data[0].length;
}

public Board(int width, int height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
data = new boolean[height][width];
clear();
}

public void clear() {
for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
set(x, y, DEAD);
}

public void copyTo(Board target) {
int yo = (target.height - height) / 2;
int xo = (target.width - width) / 2;

for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
int dx = x + xo;
int dy = y + yo;

if (0 <= dx && dx < target.width && 0 <= dy && dy < target.height)
target.set(dx, dy, get(x, y));
}
}

public void set(int x, int y, boolean state) {
data[y][x] = state;
}

public boolean get(int x, int y) {
return data[y][x];
}

public int countNeighbors(int x, int y) {
int count = 0;

for (int y1 = Math.max(y - 1, 0), y2 = Math.min(y + 1, height - 1); y1 <= y2; y1++)
for (int x1 = Math.max(x - 1, 0), x2 = Math.min(x + 1, width - 1); x1 <= x2; x1++)
if (((y1 != y) || (x1 != x)) && get(x1, y1) == ALIVE)
count++;

return count;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

for (int x = 0; x < width + 2; x++)
sb.append('#');

sb.append('\n');

for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
sb.append('#');

for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
sb.append(get(x, y) == ALIVE ? '*' : ' ');

sb.append("#\n");
}

for (int x = 0; x < width + 2; x++)
sb.append('#');

return sb.toString();
}

public int getWidth() {
return width;
}

public int getHeight() {
return height;
}
}
}

Threads

Create a multithreaded "Hello World"

Create a program which outputs the string "Hello World" to the console, multiple times, using separate threads or processes.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says Hello World!
Thread two says Hello World!
Thread four says Hello World!
Thread three says Hello World!

-Notice that the threads can print in any order.

python

#!/usr/bin/python
from threading import Thread
Nthread = ['one','two','three','four']
def ThreadSpeaks(number):
print "Thread", number, "says Hello World!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
for n in range(0,len(Nthread)):
th =Thread(target=ThreadSpeaks, args=(Nthread[n],))
th.start()

clojure

(doseq [msg ["one" "two" "three" "four"]]
(future (println "Thread" msg "says Hello World!")))

(dorun (pmap #(println (str "Thread " % " says Hello World!")) '("one" "two" "three" "four")))

(dorun (map (fn [n] (.start (Thread. #(println (str "Thread " n " says Hello World!")))))
'("one" "two" "three" "four")))

fsharp

let mappedString =
["Thread one says Hello World!";
"Thread two says Hello World!";
"Thread four says Hello World!";
"Thread three says Hello World!"]
|> Seq.map (fun str -> async { printfn "%s" str })

Async.RunSynchronously (Async.Parallel mappedString)

fantom

pool := ActorPool()
["one", "two", "three", "four"].each
{
a := Actor(pool) |Str name| { echo("Thread $name says Hello World!") }
a.send(it)
}

groovy

["one","two","three","four"].each { tid ->
Thread.start {
println "Thread $tid says Hello World!"
}
}

import static groovyx.gpars.Parallelizer.*
withParallelizer {
["one","two","three","four"].eachParallel {
println "Thread $it says Hello World!"
}
}

java

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
final int nr = i ;
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread " + new String[] { "one", "two", "three", "four" }[nr] + " says Hello World!");
}
}).start();
}

erlang

-module(spam).
-export([spam/1]).

spam(N) when N<5 ->
spawn(fun() -> io:format("Hello World from thread ~p~n",[N]) end),
spam(N+1);
spam(_) -> void.

perl

use threads;

foreach my $tid ("one","two","three","four") {
threads->create(
sub { print("Thread $tid says Hello World!\n"); }
)->join();
}

Create read/write lock on a shared resource.

Create multiple threads or processes who are either readers or writers. There should be more readers then writers.

(From Wikipedia):

Multiple readers can read the data in parallel but an exclusive lock is needed while writing the data. When a writer is writing the data, readers will be blocked until the writer is finished writing.

Example:

-Output-

Thread one says that the value is 8.
Thread three says that the value is 8.
Thread two is taking the lock.
Thread four tried to read the value, but could not.
Thread five tried to write to the value, but could not.
Thread two is changing the value to 9.
Thread two is releasing the lock.
Thread four says that the value is 9.
...

--Notice that when a needed resource is locked, a thread can set a timer and try again in the future, or wait to be notified that the resource is no longer locked.

python

#!/usr/bin/python
from threading import Thread, Lock
import time
thread_readers = ['one','two','three']
thread_writer = ['four','five']
lock = Lock()
value = 0

def Threadread(number):
global value
while True:
if lock.acquire(False):
print "Thread", number, "is taking the lock"
value += 1
print "Thread", number, "is changing the value to", value
print "Thread", number, "is releasing the lock."
lock.release()
else:
print "Thread", number, "tried to write to the value, but could not."
def Threadwrite(number):
global value
while True:
if lock.acquire(False):
print "Thread", number ,"four says that the value is", value
else:
print "Thread", number ,"tried to read the value, but could not."
if __name__ == "__main__":
for n in range(0,len(thread_readers)):
th =Thread(target=Threadread, args=(thread_readers[n],))
th.start()
for n in range(0,len(thread_writer)):
th =Thread(target=Threadwrite, args=(thread_writer[n],))
th.start()

clojure

; NOTE! Using explicit locking is NOT the Clojure way. It was done
; this way in order to comply exactly with the problem
; specification. Sharing data in Clojure would normally be done by
; using "atom", "agent" or "ref" depending on situation. None of those
; methods would ever result in the reader not being able to read (as
; required by the problem) since reading is wait-free in clojure.

(def *readers* (map #(agent %) '("one" "two" "three")))
(def *writers* (map #(agent %) '("four" "five")))
(def *mutex* (agent :unlocked))
(def *value* 0)

; mutex implementation
(defn lock [state who success-fn fail-fn]
(send who (if (= state :locked) fail-fn success-fn))
:locked)

(defn unlock [mutex]
:unlocked)

; Must be invoked with send-off since this handler blocks
(defn rand-sleep [state next-fn]
(Thread/sleep (rand-int 5))
(send *agent* next-fn)
state)

; Reader functions
(declare try-read)

(defn reader-got-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s says that the value is %d." name *value*))
(send *mutex* unlock)
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-read)
name)

(defn reader-did-not-get-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s tried to read the value, but could not." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-read)
name)

(defn try-read [name]
(send *mutex* lock *agent* reader-got-lock reader-did-not-get-lock)
name)

; Writer functions
(declare try-write)

(defn writer-got-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s is taking the lock." name))
(def *value* (rand-int 10))
(println (format "Thread %s is changing the value to %d." name *value*))
(send *mutex* unlock)
(println (format "Thread %s is relasing the lock." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-write)
name)

(defn writer-did-not-get-lock [name]
(println (format "Thread %s tried to write the value, but could not." name))
(send-off *agent* rand-sleep try-write)
name)

(defn try-write [name]
(send *mutex* lock *agent* writer-got-lock writer-did-not-get-lock)
name)

(dorun (map #(send % try-write) *writers*))
(dorun (map #(send % try-read) *readers*))

fsharp

open System.Threading
let lock = new ReaderWriterLock()
let mutable value = 0
let lockTimeout = 1

let ReaderThread t =
let random = new System.Random()
for i in 0 .. 100 do
try
lock.AcquireReaderLock(lockTimeout)
try
printfn "Thread %i says that the value is %i" t value
finally
lock.ReleaseReaderLock()
with _ ->
printfn "Thread %i tried to read the value, but could not (timeout)." t
Thread.Sleep(random.Next(50))

let WriterThread t =
let random = new System.Random()
for i in 0 .. 100 do
try
lock.AcquireWriterLock(lockTimeout)
try
value <- random.Next(10)
printfn "Thread %i is changing the value to %i" t value
Thread.MemoryBarrier()
finally
lock.ReleaseWriterLock()
printfn "Thread %i is releasing the lock." t
with _ ->
printfn "Thread %i tried to write the value, but could not (timeout)." t
Thread.Sleep(random.Next(50))

[| 0 .. 20 |]
|> Array.iter (fun t ->
async {
if t % 3 = 0 then
WriterThread t
else
ReaderThread t
}
|> Async.Start
)

groovy

def lock = new ReentrantLock()
Integer value = 8

20.times { i ->
if (i % 3 == 0) {
Thread.start {
if (!lock.tryLock()) {
println "Thread " + i + " tried to write the value, but could not."
lock.lock()
}
value = (int) (Math.random() * 10)
println "Thread " + i + " is changing the value to " + value
lock.unlock()
println "Thread " + i + " is releasing the lock."
}
} else {
Thread.start {
if (!lock.tryLock()) {
println "Thread " + i + " tried to read the value, but could not."
lock.lock()
}
println "Thread " + i + " says that the value is " + value + "."
lock.unlock()
}
}
}

java

public class ParallelPermutations {

Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

Integer value = 8;

public static void main(String[] args) {
new ParallelPermutations(Arrays.asList(args));
}

public ParallelPermutations(List<String> words) {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
final Integer cnt = i ;
if ( i % 3 == 0) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
if ( ! lock.tryLock() ) {
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " tried to write the value, but could not.") ;
lock.lock();
}
value = (int) (Math.random() * 10);
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " is changing the value to " + value ) ;
lock.unlock();
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " is releasing the lock.") ;
}
}).start();
} else {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
if ( ! lock.tryLock() ) {
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " tried to read the value, but could not.") ;
lock.lock() ;
}
System.out.println("Thread " + cnt + " says that the value is " + value + ".") ;
lock.unlock();
}
}).start();
}
}
}
}

Separate user interaction and computation.

Allow your program to accept user interaction while conducting a long running computation.

Example:

Hello user! Please input a string to permute: (input thread)
abcdef
Passing on abcdef... (input thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
lol
Passing on lol... (input thread)
Done Work On abcdef! (worker thread)
["abcdef", "abcefd", ... ] (worker thread)
Please input another string to permute: (input thread)
EXIT
Quitting, I

'll let my worker thread know... (input thread)

We'

re quitting! Alright! (worker thread)

--Notice, that this could be accomplished on the command line or within a GUI. The point is that computation and user interaction should take place on separate threads of control.

clojure

(defn background-computation [_ s]
(let [res (permutations s)]
(println (format "Done Work On %s!" s))
(println res)))

(defn shutdown-app [_]
(println "We're quitting! Alright!")
(shutdown-agents))

(println "Hello user! Please input a string to permute: ")
(let [worker-agent (agent nil)]
(loop [input (str (read))]
(if (= input "EXIT")
(do (println "Quitting, I'll let my worker thread know...")
(send worker-agent shutdown-app))
(do (println (format "Passing on %s..." input))
(send worker-agent background-computation input)
(println "Please input another string to permute: ")
(recur (str (read)))))))

fsharp

open System

/// Computes all permutations of an array
let rec permute = function
| [| |] -> [| [| |] |]
| a ->
a
|> Array.mapi (fun i ai ->
Array.sub a 0 i
|> Array.append (Array.sub a (i + 1) (a.Length - i - 1))
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun perm -> Array.append [| ai |] perm)
)
|> Array.concat

/// Computes all permutations of a string
let permuteString (s: string) =
s.ToCharArray()
|> permute
|> Array.map (fun p -> new String(p))

type PermuteMessage =
| PermuteString of string
| Cancel

let mailbox = new MailboxProcessor<PermuteMessage>(fun inbox ->
let rec loop() =
async {
let! msg = inbox.Receive()
match msg with
| PermuteString s ->
printfn "[Worker] Starting to work on %s" s
let p = permuteString s
printfn "[Worker] Done my work on %s" s
let firstElems =
if s.Length > 4 then
let first = p |> Seq.truncate 4 |> Seq.toArray
String.Join(", ", first) + ", ..."
else
String.Join(", ", p)
printfn "[Worker] Result is %s" firstElems
return! loop()
| Cancel ->
printfn "[Worker] Nuff done, I'm quitting!"
return ()
}
loop()
)

do
printfn "[Input] Setting up worker."
mailbox.Start()
let loop = ref true
while !loop do
printfn "[Input] Please enter a word, or EXIT to exit"
let s = Console.ReadLine()
match s with
| "EXIT" ->
printfn "[Input] Sending worker the cancellation notice."
mailbox.Post(Cancel)
loop := false
| _ ->
printfn "[Input] Sending task to the worker."
mailbox.Post(PermuteString s)

fantom

using concurrent
class Main
{
static Void main()
{
worker := Actor(ActorPool()) |Str s|
{
result := permute(s.chars).map { Str.fromChars(it) }
echo("Done Work On $s!")
echo(result)
}

Env.cur.out.writeChars("Hello, user! Please input a string to permute: ").flush
Env.cur.in.eachLine |line| {
echo("Passing on $line ...")
worker.send(line)
Env.cur.out.writeChars("Please input another string to permute: ").flush
}
}

static Obj[][] permute(Obj[] list, Obj[] prefix := [,])
{
list.isEmpty ?
[prefix] :
list.reduce([,]) |Obj[] r, Obj item, Int i -> Obj[]| {
r.addAll(permute(list.dup { removeAt(i) }, prefix.dup.add(item)))
}
}
}

groovy

def threads = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Thread>()

void permutations(String prefix, String w, Set<String> permSet) {
int n = w.size()
if (!n) permSet << prefix
else n.times { i ->
permutations(prefix + w[i], w[0..<i] + w[i+1..<n], permSet)
}
}

println 'Welcome to the parallel permuter'
System.in.withReader { r ->
while (true) {
print 'Enter word:'
def word = r.readLine()
if (word == 'EXIT') {
while (!threads.isEmpty())
threads.poll().stop(new ThreadDeath())
break
} else
threads << Thread.start {
try {
def wordAns = [] as Set
for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.size(); j++)
permutations("", word[i..<j], wordAns)
println '\nAnswer:' + wordAns
print 'Enter word:'
} catch (ThreadDeath td) {
println 'Thread aborted!'
}
}
}
}

java

public class BackgroundComputation {

final protected Queue<Thread> threads = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Thread>() ;

public BackgroundComputation() {
BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try {
while (true) {
System.out.print("Enter string to permutate: ");
final String word = r.readLine();
if ("EXIT".equals(word) ) {
System.out.println("I'll let my worker thread know... (input thread)") ;
while (! threads.isEmpty())
threads.poll().stop(new ThreadDeath()) ;
break ;
}
Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
Set<String> permutationSet = new HashSet<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++)
for (int j = i + 1; j <= word.length(); j++)
permutations("", word.substring(i, j), permutationSet);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Received results: " + permutationSet);
System.out.print("Enter string to permutate: ");
} catch (ThreadDeath e) {
System.out.println("We're quitting! Alright!");
}
}

private void permutations(String prefix, String word, Set<String> permutations) {
int N = word.length();
if (N == 0)
permutations.add(prefix);
else
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
permutations(
prefix + word.charAt(i),
word.substring(0, i) + word.substring(i + 1, N),
permutations
);
}
});
t.start();
threads.add(t);
}
} catch (IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IO error trying to read your name!");
System.exit(1);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
new BackgroundComputation() ;
}
}

i18n

i18n-helloworld

Put a internationalizate of HelloWorld program

Set locale to "es" (spanish) and provide a program that changes outputs ("Helloworld") depending of locale.

In pseudocode:

Void main ()

{



Locale.set("es")



print.translate("Helloworld, Locale.get)



}

fantom

Locale("es).use
class Foo { Void main() { echo(#Foo.pod.locale("hello world!")) } }

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href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/robes-de-mariée-c-1.html ">Robes de Mariée</a> :: <br/> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/robes-de-mariée-robe-de-mariée-sexy-c-1_30.html ">Robe de mariée sexy</a> :: <br/>Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes<br/></div> <br/><br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/> <br/><br/> <br/> <br/><div class="centerColumn" id="productGeneral "> <br/> <br/> <br/><h1 id="productName" class="productGeneral ">Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes</h1> <br/> <br/><form name="cart_quantity" action="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html?action=add_product&number_of_uploads=0" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data "><br/> <br/><div style="float:left; "> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><div id="productMainImage" class="centeredContent back "> <br/> <br/><noscript> <br/><a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=456" target="_blank "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/images/weddingdress/sxw0018.jpg" alt="Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes" title=" Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes " width="240" height="329" /></a><br /><span class="imgLink ">Agrandir l'</code>image<<code>/span></</code>a><<code>/noscript> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <div id=<code>"productAdditionalImages "</code>> <br/> <div id=<code>"dfse "</code>><<code>/div> <br/> <div class="centerBoxContent "> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class="additionalImages centeredContent back" style="width:100%; "><br/> <br/> <noscript><a href="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html<code>" target="</code>_blank <code>"> <a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>images<code>/weddingdress/</code>sxw0018_01.jpg<code>" alt="</code>Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes<code>" title="</code> Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes <code>" width="</code>130<code>" height="</code>174<code>" style="</code>position:relative<code>" onmouseover="</code>showtrail(<code>'images/weddingdress//sxw0018_01.jpg'</code>,<code>'Low Cost Custom-Made bretelles sexy mariage mariée robe de mariée Robes'</code>,130,173,243,325,this,0,0,130,173);<code>" onmouseout="</code>hidetrail();<code>" /></a><br /><span class="</code>imgLinkAdditional <code>">Agrandir l'image</span></a></noscript></div><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/></div></div> <br/> <br/></div> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>width:348px;float:right;<code>" id='pb-left-column'> <br/> <br/><span id="</code>productPrices<code>" class="</code>productGeneral <code>"> <br/>Price: <br/><span class="</code>normalprice <code>">$218.77 </span> <span class="</code>productSpecialPrice <code>">$175.01</span><span class="</code>productPriceDiscount <code>"><br />Economie : 20%</span></span> <br/><div class="</code>model_number<code>" style="</code>height:14px;padding-top:7px <code>"><h4 style="</code>float: left;color:black; <code>"><label class="</code>class <code>">Modèle : </label></h4><div style="</code>float: left;margin-top:5px;margin-left:6px; <code>"><span style="</code>font-size:12px;height:20px;color:black; <code>">Mall3411</span></div><br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><div id="</code>productAttributes <code>"> <br/><h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 1 - Choose Options:</h1> <br/> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Colors</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[8]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-8 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>46 <code>">1</option><br/> <option value="</code>52 <code>">10</option><br/> <option value="</code>53 <code>">12</option><br/> <option value="</code>54 <code>">16</option><br/> <option value="</code>55 <code>">17</option><br/> <option value="</code>56 <code>">18</option><br/> <option value="</code>47 <code>">2</option><br/> <option value="</code>57 <code>">20</option><br/> <option value="</code>58 <code>">21</option><br/> <option value="</code>59 <code>">23</option><br/> <option value="</code>60 <code>">26</option><br/> <option value="</code>61 <code>">27</option><br/> <option value="</code>62 <code>">28</option><br/> <option value="</code>63 <code>">29</option><br/> <option value="</code>64 <code>">30</option><br/> <option value="</code>65 <code>">31</option><br/> <option value="</code>66 <code>">33</option><br/> <option value="</code>67 <code>">35</option><br/> <option value="</code>68 <code>">36</option><br/> <option value="</code>69 <code>">37</option><br/> <option value="</code>48 <code>">4</option><br/> <option value="</code>70 <code>">41</option><br/> <option value="</code>71 <code>">43</option><br/> <option value="</code>72 <code>">44</option><br/> <option value="</code>73 <code>">47</option><br/> <option value="</code>74 <code>">48</option><br/> <option value="</code>75 <code>">49</option><br/> <option value="</code>49 <code>">5</option><br/> <option value="</code>76 <code>">51</option><br/> <option value="</code>77 <code>">54</option><br/> <option value="</code>78 <code>">56</option><br/> <option value="</code>79 <code>">60</option><br/> <option value="</code>80 <code>">61</option><br/> <option value="</code>81 <code>">66</option><br/> <option value="</code>82 <code>">67</option><br/> <option value="</code>83 <code>">69</option><br/> <option value="</code>84 <code>">73</option><br/> <option value="</code>85 <code>">77</option><br/> <option value="</code>86 <code>">78</option><br/> <option value="</code>87 <code>">79</option><br/> <option value="</code>50 <code>">8</option><br/> <option value="</code>51 <code>">9</option><br/> <option value="</code>27 <code>">Ivory</option><br/> <option value="</code>26 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>28 <code>">White</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Sizes</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[9]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-9 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>29 <code>">US 10 / UK 12 / EUR 40</option><br/> <option value="</code>30 <code>">US 12 / UK 14 /EUR 42</option><br/> <option value="</code>31 <code>">US 14 / UK 16 /EUR 44</option><br/> <option value="</code>32 <code>">US 16 / UK 18 /EUR 46</option><br/> <option value="</code>33 <code>">US 18 / UK 20 /EUR 48</option><br/> <option value="</code>34 <code>">US 2 / UK 4 /EUR 32</option><br/> <option value="</code>35 <code>">US 20 / UK 22 /EUR 50</option><br/> <option value="</code>36 <code>">US 22 / UK 24 /EUR 52</option><br/> <option value="</code>37 <code>">US 24 / UK 26 /EUR 54</option><br/> <option value="</code>38 <code>">US 26 / UK 28 /EUR 56</option><br/> <option value="</code>39 <code>">US 28 / UK 30 /EUR 58</option><br/> <option value="</code>40 <code>">US 4 / UK 6 /EUR 34</option><br/> <option value="</code>41 <code>">US 6 / UK 8 /EUR 36</option><br/> <option value="</code>42 <code>">US 8 / UK 10 /EUR 38</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div class="</code>wrapperAttribsOptions <code>"> <br/><h4 class="</code>optionName back <code>"><label>Back style</label></h4> <br/><div class="</code>back <code>"><br/><select name="</code>id<code>[10]</code><code>" id="</code>attrib-10 <code>"><br/> <option value="</code>44 <code>">Lace Up</option><br/> <option value="</code>43 <code>">Same As Picture</option><br/> <option value="</code>45 <code>">Zip Up</option><br/></select><br/><br/></div> <br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/><br/><br class="</code>clearBoth<code>" /> <br/> <br/><div style="</code>padding-bottom:5px; <code>"><a href="</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/size.html" style="color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline; color:#FF0000;" target="_blank ">Size Chart</</code>a> | <a href=<code>"http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/color.html"</code> style=<code>"color:black;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;color:#FF0000;"</code> target=<code>"_blank "</code>>Color Chart<<code>/a></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/><div id='quantity_cart'> <br/><h1>Step 2 - Choose Quantity:</</code>h1> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div class=<code>"wrapperAttribsOptions"</code> style=<code>"height:14px;padding-top:7px "</code>><h4 style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><label class=<code>"attribsInput "</code>>Quantity :<<code>/label></</code>h4><div style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><input type=<code>"text"</code> class=<code>"text"</code> id=<code>"quantity_wanted"</code> name=<code>"cart_quantity"</code> value=<code>"1"</code> maxlength=<code>"6"</code> size=<code>"4"</code> <code>/></</code>div><<code>/div> <br/> <br class="clearBoth "> <br/> <h1 style='margin-bottom: 10px;'>Step 3 - Add to cart:</</code>h1> <br/> <p id=<code>'add_to_cart'</code> class=<code>'buttons_bottom_block'</code>> <br/> <input type=<code>"hidden"</code> name=<code>"products_id"</code> value=<code>"456"</code> <code>/><input type="image" src="http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>includes<code>/templates/</code>weddingdress-7<code>/buttons/</code>french<code>/button_in_cart.gif" alt="ajouter au panier" title=" ajouter au panier " /</code>> <<code>/p> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/><div> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_onlinechat'</code>> <br/> <div class=<code>'safe_ssl'</code>> <br/> <a target=<code>'_blank'</code> href=<code>'msnim:chat?contact=myonlineservice@msn.com'</code> style=<code>"float:left; "</code>><img src=<code>'http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/banner/msn.jpg'</code>><<code>/a> <br/> <a target='_blank' href='callto:/meganfox59'><img border=0 align='absmiddle' src='http:/fr.weddingdressescompany.com/</code>banner<code>/skype.jpg' style="float:left; "></</code>a> <br/> <<code>/div> <br/> </</code>div> <br/> <br/><<code>/div> <br/> <br/></</code>div> <br/> <br/> <br/><br class=<code>"clearBoth"</code> <code>/> <br/><div id='descript_menu'> <br/><ul id='more_info_tabs' class='idTabs idTabsShort'> <br/> <li><a onclick='dissplay_descript(this);' style='cursor:pointer;'>Details</</code>span><<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'displaysize(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>SIZE & COLOR CHART<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'dissplay_return(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>Shipping<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/> <li><a onclick=<code>'measure(this);'</code>style=<code>'cursor:pointer;'</code>>How to Measure<<code>/a></</code>li> <br/><<code>/ul> <br/><script> <br/> function displaysize(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_descript(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function dissplay_return(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> } <br/> function measure(obj){ <br/> var measure = document.getElementById('idTabMeasure'); <br/> var shipping_return = document.getElementById('tab_3'); <br/> var descript = document.getElementById('productDescription'); <br/> var idTabtwo = document.getElementById('idTabtwo'); <br/> measure.setAttribute('class','block_hidden_only_for_screen'); <br/> idTabtwo.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> descript.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> shipping_return.setAttribute('class','display'); <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> } <br/></</code>script> <br/><div id=<code>'more_info_sheets'</code> class=<code>'sheets align_justify'</code>> <br/> <br/><div id=<code>"productDescription"</code> class=<code>'displayblock'</code>>Nom de l<code>'article:</div> <br/> <br/><div id='</code>idTabtwo<code>' class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class='</code>SizeKind<code>'> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'>Please choose your favorite color from the palette</p> <br/> <a id='</code>single_3<code>' href='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>'><img src='</code>http:<code>//</code>fr.weddingdressescompany.com<code>/image/</code>img_ColorCard.jpg<code>' alt='</code>wedding dress card palette<code>' width='</code>720<code>'></a> <br/> <p style='</code>text-align: left;<code>'><span style='</code>color: rgb(255, 0, 0);<code>'>Notice:</span>Since computer screens have chromatic aberration, especially between CRT screen and LCD screen, we can not guarantee the color of the dress you get will be 100% similar as the color chart. And also different fabrics will show different color degree on the same color. So we can not accept any returned dress for sake of color. Please kindly understand us.</p> <br/> </div> <br/> <div style='</code>background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0pt 0pt; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;<code>'> <br/> <p style='</code>font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 30, 54); font-size: 14px;<code>'> Please choose your size</p> <br/> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in centimeter)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>86</td> <br/> <td>89</td> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>98</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>119</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <td>142</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>66</td> <br/> <td>69</td> <br/> <td>71</td> <br/> <td>74</td> <br/> <br/> <td>76</td> <br/> <td>80</td> <br/> <td>84</td> <br/> <td>88</td> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>96</td> <br/> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>107</td> <br/> <td>114</td> <br/> <td>124</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>91</td> <br/> <td>94</td> <br/> <td>97</td> <br/> <td>99</td> <br/> <td>102</td> <br/> <td>105</td> <br/> <br/> <td>109</td> <br/> <td>113</td> <br/> <td>117</td> <br/> <td>122</td> <br/> <td>127</td> <br/> <td>132</td> <br/> <br/> <td>140</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <td>150</td> <br/> <br/> <td>151</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>152</td> <br/> <td>153</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <td>154</td> <br/> <br/> <td>155</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <td>156</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/><p> </p> <br/><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0 "> <br/> <tbody> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th colspan="15 ">Standard size (in inches)</th> <br/> </tr> <br/> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>US size no</th> <br/> <td>2</td> <br/> <td>4</td> <br/> <td>6</td> <br/> <td>8</td> <br/> <br/> <td>10</td> <br/> <td>12</td> <br/> <td>14</td> <br/> <td>16</td> <br/> <td>18</td> <br/> <td>20</td> <br/> <br/> <td>22</td> <br/> <td>24</td> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>EUR size no</th> <br/> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>44</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>54</td> <br/> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <td>58</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Bust</th> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>34</td> <br/> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>47</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <td>56</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Waist</th> <br/> <td>26</td> <br/> <td>27</td> <br/> <td>28</td> <br/> <td>29</td> <br/> <br/> <td>30</td> <br/> <td>32</td> <br/> <td>33</td> <br/> <td>35</td> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>49</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Hip</th> <br/> <br/> <td>36</td> <br/> <td>37</td> <br/> <td>38</td> <br/> <td>39</td> <br/> <td>40</td> <br/> <td>42</td> <br/> <br/> <td>43</td> <br/> <td>45</td> <br/> <td>46</td> <br/> <td>48</td> <br/> <td>50</td> <br/> <td>52</td> <br/> <br/> <td>55</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> </tr> <br/> <tr> <br/> <th>Shoulder to floor</th> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <td>59</td> <br/> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>60</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>61</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <td>62</td> <br/> <br/> </tr> <br/> </tbody> <br/></table> <br/> <br/> </div> <br/> <br class='</code>clear<code>'> <br/> </div> <br/></div> <br/> <br/> <br/> <div id="tab_3" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <br/> <h3>Shipping Time</h3> <br/><p>Total Time=Operation Time + Shipping Time</p> <br/><p>Default operation time is 30 business days from the day you place an order. <br/>We will rush your order within 20 business days and 15 business days if you <br/>choose rush service from the operation time option,and you will pay extra <br/>cost for it.Shipping time varies as: UPS , TNT 2-4 business days, Air Mail(Express) 10 <br/>business days, Air Mail(Normal) 20 business days. Please calculate the total <br/>time carefully before you place the order.</p> <br/><p><i>Note: You can also choose Air Mail(Normal) if package weight is under 2kg.</i></p> <br/> <br/><h3>Return Tips</h3> <br/><p>If any returns, please contact our customer support within 24 hours from the time you receive your gown and fill in the Application for Refund in email. Only products in their original condition will be accepted. We do not accept returns on any custom made order. ALL SALES ARE FINAL for custom made dresses. For mis-shipped items, once confirmation got with us, we will be responsible for item exchange and have full refund returned including shipping fee and handling fee. In principle, any emergency order isnot subject to this return policy and will be denied. Also other merchandise, such as veil ect.</p></div> <br/> <br/><div id="idTabMeasure" style="height:510px;" class='</code>display<code>'> <br/> <div class="tempnr_box "> <br/> <br/> <div class="images_zuo "> <a href="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/low-cost-custommade-bretelles-sexy-mariage-mariée-robe-de-mariée-robes-p-456.html" ><img width="163" height="479" src="http://fr.weddingdressescompany.com/image/wedding_size.jpg"/></a></div> <br/> <br/> <div class="nr_right "> <br/> <p style="color:#b21e36;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold; padding-left:0; ">How to Measure</p> <br/> <ul><li><span class="wzys ">A.Bust:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">B.Waist:</span>Measure Around The Smallest Part Of Your Waistline.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">C.Hips:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Hips.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">D.Length:</span> Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple To Floor,Including The Height Of <b>Wedding Shoes</b>.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">E.Under Bust:</span>Measure Around Under Your Bust.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">F.Nipple To Nipple:</span> The Measurement Between Your Two Nipples.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">G.Shoulder To NiPPLE:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder To Nipple.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">H.Shoulder TO Waist:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Waist.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">I.Shoulder To Hips:</span>Measure From Top Of The Shoulder Through The Nipple TO Hips.</li> <br/> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">J.Shoulder To Shoulder:</span>Measure Your Shoulder Width From The Back.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">k.Neck:</span>Measure Around The Fullest Part Of Your Neck.</li> <br/> <li><span class="wzys ">L.Biceps:</span>Measure Around The Widest Part Of Your Arm.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="color:#DD0000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px;text-align:right;border:1px solid #eee; ">Please Measure With Bra and Underwear On.</li> <br/> <li class="wzys" style="font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;text-align:right; ">Remember To Keep The Measuring Tape Comfortably Loose.</li></ul> <br/> <br/> <br class="clear" /> <br/> <div><span style="color:#DD0000; margin-top:10px; ">Notice:</span>1. Please also tell us your "Height with Shoes" on (measured from top head to your wedding shoes'</code> heel).<br> <br/>2. Please remember that wear your Wedding Underwear and your Wedding Shoes.<br> <br/>3.Inches and Centimetersare both available for size, and please tell us if you use inches or centimeters.<br> <br/>4. We suggest you measure yourself by a Professional Tailor. <br> <br/>5. It is very normal to have 3CM measurement error between the sizes you give and the sizes you will receive on your dress. 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