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Perform an action if a condition is true (IF .. THEN)
Given a variable name, if the value is
"Bob", display the string "Hello, Bob!". Perform no action if the name is not equal.
python
if name == 'Bob':
print 'Hello, Bob!'
print 'Hello, Bob!'
fsharp
if name = "Bob" then printfn "Hello, %s!" name
name = "Bob" && begin printfn "Hello, %s!" name ; true end
fantom
if (name=="Bob") echo("Hello, Bob!")
groovy
if (name=='Bob')
println "Hello, Bob!"
println "Hello, Bob!"
haskell
name = "Bob"
main = if name == "Bob" then putStrLn "Hello, Bob!" else return ()
main = if name == "Bob" then putStrLn "Hello, Bob!" else return ()
Perform different actions depending on a boolean condition (IF .. THEN .. ELSE)
Given a variable age, if the value is greater than 42 display
"You are old", otherwise display "You are young"
python
if age > 42:
print 'You are old'
else:
print 'You are young'
print 'You are old'
else:
print 'You are young'
print age > 42 and 'You are old' or 'You are young'
fsharp
if age > 42 then printfn "You are old" else printfn "You are young"
let message = if age > 42 then "old" else "young"
printfn "You are %s" message
printfn "You are %s" message
fantom
if (age > 42)
echo("You are old")
else
echo("You are young")
echo("You are old")
else
echo("You are young")
echo((age > 42) ? "You are old" : "You are young")
groovy
if (age > 42)
println "You are old"
else
println "You are young"
println "You are old"
else
println "You are young"
println "You are " + (age > 42 ? "old" : "young")
haskell
putStrLn ("You are " ++ if age > 42 then "old" else "young")
Perform different actions depending on several boolean conditions (IF .. THEN .. ELSIF .. ELSE)
python
if age > 84:
print 'You are really ancient'
elif age > 30:
print 'You are middle-aged'
else:
print 'You are young'
print 'You are really ancient'
elif age > 30:
print 'You are middle-aged'
else:
print 'You are young'
fsharp
if age > 84 then printfn "You are really ancient"
elif age > 30 then printfn "You are middle-aged"
else printfn "You are young"
elif age > 30 then printfn "You are middle-aged"
else printfn "You are young"
let message = match age with
| _ when age > 84 -> "really ancient"
| _ when age > 30 -> "middle-aged"
| _ -> "young"
printfn "You are %s" message
| _ when age > 84 -> "really ancient"
| _ when age > 30 -> "middle-aged"
| _ -> "young"
printfn "You are %s" message
fantom
if (age > 84)
echo("You are really ancient")
else if (age > 30)
echo("You are middle-aged")
else
echo("You are young")
echo("You are really ancient")
else if (age > 30)
echo("You are middle-aged")
else
echo("You are young")
groovy
if (age > 84)
println "You are really ancient"
else if (age > 30)
println "You are middle-aged"
else
println "You are young"
println "You are really ancient"
else if (age > 30)
println "You are middle-aged"
else
println "You are young"
Replacing a conditional with many branches with a switch/case statement
Many languages support more compact forms of branching than just if ... then ... else such as switch or case or match. Use such a form to add an appropriate placing suffix to the numbers 1..40, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, ..., 11th, 12th, ... 39th, 40th
python
def affix(num):
num = num == 1 and str(num) + 'st' or num == 2 and str(num) + 'nd' or \
num == 3 and str(num) +'rd' or str(num) + 'th'
return num
print [affix(x) for x in xrange(1,41)]
num = num == 1 and str(num) + 'st' or num == 2 and str(num) + 'nd' or \
num == 3 and str(num) +'rd' or str(num) + 'th'
return num
print [affix(x) for x in xrange(1,41)]
fsharp
let suffix = function
| n when n > 10 && n < 20 -> "th"
| n when n % 10 = 1 -> "st"
| n when n % 10 = 2 -> "nd"
| n when n % 10 = 3 -> "rd"
| _ -> "th"
seq { 1 .. 40 }
|> Seq.iter (fun n -> printfn "%i%s" n (suffix n))
| n when n > 10 && n < 20 -> "th"
| n when n % 10 = 1 -> "st"
| n when n % 10 = 2 -> "nd"
| n when n % 10 = 3 -> "rd"
| _ -> "th"
seq { 1 .. 40 }
|> Seq.iter (fun n -> printfn "%i%s" n (suffix n))
fantom
suffix := |Int n -> Str|
{
if ((4..20).contains(n % 100))
return "th"
switch((n.toStr)[-1])
{
case '1': return "st"
case '2': return "nd"
case '3': return "rd"
default: return "th"
}
}
(1..40).each { echo("$it${suffix(it)}") }
{
if ((4..20).contains(n % 100))
return "th"
switch((n.toStr)[-1])
{
case '1': return "st"
case '2': return "nd"
case '3': return "rd"
default: return "th"
}
}
(1..40).each { echo("$it${suffix(it)}") }
groovy
def suffix(n) {
switch(n) {
case { n % 100 in 4..20 } : return 'th'
case { n % 10 == 1 } : return 'st'
case { n % 10 == 2 } : return 'nd'
case { n % 10 == 3 } : return 'rd'
default : return 'th'
}
}
(1..40).each { n ->
println "$n${suffix(n)}"
}
switch(n) {
case { n % 100 in 4..20 } : return 'th'
case { n % 10 == 1 } : return 'st'
case { n % 10 == 2 } : return 'nd'
case { n % 10 == 3 } : return 'rd'
default : return 'th'
}
}
(1..40).each { n ->
println "$n${suffix(n)}"
}
haskell
suffixed n = show n ++ suffix
where
suffix
| n `mod` 100 `div` 10 == 1 = "th"
| otherwise = case n `mod` 10 of
1 -> "st"
2 -> "nd"
3 -> "rd"
_ -> "th"
result = map suffixed [1..40]
where
suffix
| n `mod` 100 `div` 10 == 1 = "th"
| otherwise = case n `mod` 10 of
1 -> "st"
2 -> "nd"
3 -> "rd"
_ -> "th"
result = map suffixed [1..40]
Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked before the first action (WHILE .. DO)
Starting with a variable x=1, Print the sequence
"1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128," by doubling x and checking that x is less than 150.
python
x = 1
while x < 150:
print '%s, ' % x,
x *= 2
while x < 150:
print '%s, ' % x,
x *= 2
fsharp
let mutable x = 1
while x < 150 do printf "%d, " x ; (x <- x * 2) done
while x < 150 do printf "%d, " x ; (x <- x * 2) done
// The problem is clearly geared towards imperative languages ;-)
// No need to mutate any variable, here's how to do it loop-free functional:
let rec powers2 i = seq { if i < 150 then yield i; yield! powers2 (i*2) }
powers2 1 |> Seq.iter (fun i -> printf "%i, " i)
// No need to mutate any variable, here's how to do it loop-free functional:
let rec powers2 i = seq { if i < 150 then yield i; yield! powers2 (i*2) }
powers2 1 |> Seq.iter (fun i -> printf "%i, " i)
fantom
x := 1
while (x < 150) {
Env.cur.out.print("$x,")
x *= 2
}
echo
while (x < 150) {
Env.cur.out.print("$x,")
x *= 2
}
echo
groovy
x = 1
while (x < 150) {
print x + ","
x *= 2
}
println()
while (x < 150) {
print x + ","
x *= 2
}
println()
haskell
main :: IO ()
main = loop 1
where
loop x | x < 150 = do
putStr (show x ++ ",")
loop (x * 2)
loop _ = return ()
main = loop 1
where
loop x | x < 150 = do
putStr (show x ++ ",")
loop (x * 2)
loop _ = return ()
main = mapM_ print $ takeWhile (<150) $ iterate (* 2) 1
Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked after the first action (DO .. WHILE)
Simulate rolling a die until you get a six. Produce random numbers, printing them until a six is rolled. An example output might be
"4,2,1,2,6"
python
import random, itertools
def dice():
while True:
yield random.randint(1,6)
print ", ".join(str(d) for d in itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x < 6, dice()))
def dice():
while True:
yield random.randint(1,6)
print ", ".join(str(d) for d in itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x < 6, dice()))
fsharp
open System
let rand = Random()
Seq.initInfinite (fun _ -> rand.Next(1, 7))
|> Seq.takeWhile (fun x -> x < 6)
|> fun items -> String.Join(",", items)
|> function s when s = "" -> printfn "6" | s -> printfn "%s,6" s
let rand = Random()
Seq.initInfinite (fun _ -> rand.Next(1, 7))
|> Seq.takeWhile (fun x -> x < 6)
|> fun items -> String.Join(",", items)
|> function s when s = "" -> printfn "6" | s -> printfn "%s,6" s
fantom
rnd := 0
while(rnd != 6) {
rnd = Int.random(1..6)
Env.cur.out.print(rnd)
if (rnd != 6)
Env.cur.out.print(",")
}
echo
while(rnd != 6) {
rnd = Int.random(1..6)
Env.cur.out.print(rnd)
if (rnd != 6)
Env.cur.out.print(",")
}
echo
groovy
// Groovy has no do..while; use a normal while
int dice = 0
while (dice != 6) {
dice = Math.random() * 6 + 1
print dice
if (dice != 6) print ','
}
int dice = 0
while (dice != 6) {
dice = Math.random() * 6 + 1
print dice
if (dice != 6) print ','
}
haskell
import System.Random
diceRolls = do
gen <- newStdGen
print $ takeWhile (/=(6::Int)) (randomRs (1,6) gen)
diceRolls = do
gen <- newStdGen
print $ takeWhile (/=(6::Int)) (randomRs (1,6) gen)
Perform an action a fixed number of times (FOR)
Display the string
"Hello" five times like "HelloHelloHelloHelloHello"
python
print "Hello" * 5
for i in range(5):
print "Hello"
print "Hello"
fsharp
for i = 1 to 5 do printf "Hello" done
dotimes 5 (fun () -> printf "Hello")
// Repetition via ranging over a List type(index ignored)
for _ in list do printf "Hello" done
for _ in list do printf "Hello" done
// Repetition via ranging over a Sequence type(index ignored)
for _ in sequence do printf "Hello" done
for _ in sequence do printf "Hello" done
// Repetition via ranging over an Array type(index ignored)
for _ in array do printf "Hello" done
for _ in array do printf "Hello" done
fantom
5.times { Env.cur.out.print("Hello") }
for (i := 0; i < 5; i++)
Env.cur.out.print("Hello")
Env.cur.out.print("Hello")
(1..5).each { Env.cur.out.print("Hello") }
groovy
println "Hello" * 5
5.times { print "Hello" }; println()
haskell
import Control.Monad
hi5 = replicateM_ 5 $ putStr "Hello"
hi5 = replicateM_ 5 $ putStr "Hello"
Perform an action a fixed number of times with a counter
Display the string
"10 .. 9 .. 8 .. 7 .. 6 .. 5 .. 4 .. 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. Liftoff!"
python
print " .. ".join(str(i) for i in range(10, 0, -1)), ".. liftoff!"
fsharp
for i = 10 downto 1 do printf "%d .. " i done
printfn "Liftoff!"
printfn "Liftoff!"
// Repetition via ranging over a Sequence type
for i in {10 .. -1 .. 1} do printf "%d .. " i done ; printfn "Liftoff!"
for i in {10 .. -1 .. 1} do printf "%d .. " i done ; printfn "Liftoff!"
fantom
(10..1).each { Env.cur.out.print("$it .. ") }
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")
for (i := 10; i >= 1; i--)
Env.cur.out.print("$i .. ")
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")
Env.cur.out.print("$i .. ")
Env.cur.out.print("Liftoff!")
groovy
10.downto(1) { print it + " .. " }
println "Liftoff!"
println "Liftoff!"
haskell
countDown = mapM_ printN [10,9..1] >> putStr "Liftoff!"
where printN n = putStr $ show n ++ " .. "
where printN n = putStr $ show n ++ " .. "
